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The computational proficiencies put on in this screening are QSAR, with fraction of variance r2 = 0.8499 and LOO-CV q2 = 0.5008. 3D-QSAR (CoMFA and CoMSIA) and structure-based approach (molecular dynamics simulations assisted molecular docking study) were applied for the identification of important features of iminoguanidine-based, responsible for Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibition. Alignments were tried to obtain best 3D-QSAR model, of which, compound 5 was found to be the best method, as it gave good statistical results. In CoMFA, Leave One Out (LOO) cross validated coefficients (q2), and conventional coefficient (r2) values were found to be 0.5177 and 0.968, respectively. Similarly, in CoMSIA, q2, and r2 values were found to be 0.576 and 0.985, respectively. Multi-parameter optimization (MPO), golden triangle rule, structure activity/property relationships (SAR/SPR), Drug-likeness properties, and lipophilicity indices are reported and discussed in terms of the biological activity of iminoguanidine-based inhibitors of HemO. These techniques offer the ability to guide drug design and selection to quickly identify the compounds with desirable drug-like attributes.
Keywords: Hemeoxygenase (HemO), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Iminoguanidine derivatives, QSAR, CoMFA, docking, MD Simulations, ADME, Lipophilicity indices, Golden Triangle
INTRODUCTION
Heme is chemical compounds composed of iron and an organic part called protoporphyrin IX, relating to or serving as a prosthetic radical of many enzymes which facilitates a wide variety of processes like electron transport (cytochrome P450 family), enzyme catalysis (e.g. peroxidase, catalase, cyclooxygenase, nitric oxide synthase), reversible binding of gases (hemoglobin, myoglobin, guanylate cyclase) [1] and various degrees of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, and immunomodulatory effects, most of which maypole an important part in the defense against atherosclerotic lesion formation [2]. Besides, it involved in the regulation of protein synthesis and cell differentiation [1] and protective genetic factor against proatherogenic effects produced by environmental factors such as cigarette smoking or exposure to air pollution [2]. Heme which is an author of iron (a vital micronutrient essential for the survival and virulence of most bacterial pathogens) for Pseudomonas aeruginosa on infection of the host. The flexibility of heme into the cell is driven by the catalytic action of hemeoxygenase (HemO) and controlled by the heme binding protein (PhuS). Despite advances in structural characterization of bacterial heme uptake proteins, the mechanism of heme transfer is poorly defined [3]. The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa encodes two distinct heme uptake systems: The Pseudomonas heme uptake (phu) and the heme assimilation system (has) [4]. It was recently determined that the Phu system is the primary iron acquisition system in P. aeruginosa chronic infection of the cystic fibrosis lung and up-regulated coincident with a decrease in the levels of the major secreted siderophore pyoverdine [5,6]. This increase is in large part caused by point mutations within the promoter region of the phu operon leading to increased expression of PhuR [5]. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms by which P. aeruginosa acquires and uses heme may provide a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of P. aeruginosa chronic infections. To combat the decline in viable antibiotics and growing antimicrobial resistance, an alternative hypothesis suggests targeting virulence factors that are not required for survival but are essential for pathogenesis within the host [3].
A new cure aims to fight multidrug-resistant infections, such as the iron-regulated hemeoxygenase (HemO) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, due to connections between iron and virulence and a requirement on heme as an iron source during infection. In this study, we determined structural elements QSAR study for modeling the inhibitory effects of 25 synthesized iminoguanidine derivatives [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/1315712]. Multiple linear regression and genetic algorithm (MLR-GA) methods were used for modeling the relationship between pMIC50 and their structural descriptors. 3D-QSAR models and molecular docking analysis of all the compounds were predicted. Molecular dynamic simulations to explore the binding modes of these compounds and identify the vital moieties for biological activity. Lastly, ADMET and golden triangle methods were used to assess drug lord and identify compounds with good stability of the many physicochemical and biological properties necessary to become a successful, effective, and harmless drug.
MATERIALS & METHODS
Experimental data
Synthesis and activity of a series of iminoguanidine-based inhibitors of HemO were taken from the literature reported by PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/1315712]. The experimental MIC50 values of all compounds in ug.mL-1 where converted in pMIC50 by taking –Log (1/MIC50) and were used as the dependent variable. There was a total of 25 iminoguandine derivatives which are then split into a training set of 16 compounds for generating QSAR and 3D-QSAR modeling which were carried out through molecular interaction fields (MIFs) analysis, and a test set of 7 compounds for validating the quality of the models. Remaining 2 compounds that failed to optimize were removed. The compounds in the test set were selected from the original pool of structures based on the Kennard-Stone method (DTC-Lab v1.2) with a ratio of 70:30 percent respectively (the test set is marked by *). All the structures (Figure 1) and inhibitory activities are listed in Table 1.
COMPUTATIONAL DETAILS AND DESCRIPTOR CALCULATIONS
All the 2D structures were generated by Marvin View software package and transferred to Spartan’14 version 14.1.0 software to create the 3D structure, pre-optimized using semi-empirical PM3 minimization. Then a more precise optimization was performed to make the conformations with the least potential energy using Merck molecular force field (MMFF) with density functional theory (DFT) with Becke's three-parameter hybrid functional [7] using LYP correlation functional [8]. The standard Pople’s 6-311+G** basis set was used. Descriptors were calculated using Spartan'14 v1.1.4, PaDEL-Descriptor v2.20, and MedChem Designer v3.1 which include: Quantum-chemical, molecular orbital, thermodynamics, charged partial surface area, electrostatic geometrical, and topological descriptors.
ALIGNMENT AND COMFA ANALYSIS
Proper alignment of the chemical structure relative to one another is one of the most important steps in the 3D-QSAR analysis for obtaining an effective molecular interaction field (MIF) model. The molecules were superimposed using the atom-based and pharmacophore-based alignment by the Open3DALIGN tools v2.3 [9]. The energy minimized and optimized structures were aligned by the template-based method, and compound 5 was selected as the template to construct other compounds because of its high representative chemical structure and the alignment was completed by open3DALIGN software. The alignment corresponding to the highest cumulative O3A score was selected for further analysis. Figure 2 shows the best alignment in which compound 5 was selected as the template. CoMFA is a versatile method to describe 3D-QSAR quantitatively. Open3DQSAR software (version 2.3) is open-source software available for high-throughput chemometric analysis of molecular interaction fields (MIFs) [10]. This study used Open 3DQSAR to perform CoMFA analysis.
1. The best alignment with compound 5 as a template as shown in Figure 2 is placed in a 3D cubic lattice with 2 Å grid size and a 5.0 Å out gap.
2. The steric fields were computed using an SP3 hybridized carbon atom probe with a +1 charge. Similarly, electro-static fields were computed using a volume-less probe.
3. These steric and electrostatic interaction energies were considered as independent variables (CoMFA descriptors).
Before creating of CoMFA model following pretreatment operations were carried out to reduce the noise hidden in PLS matrix and hence reduced the computational time:
4. The minimum and maximum energy values of steric and electrostatic were set to a cutoff value −30.0and +30.0 kcal/mol, respectively. This pretreatment avoids the infinity of energy values inside the molecule.
5. Low energy values (
6. Standard deviation set to
7. N-level variables that are variables that assume only N values across the training set were removed, most of which distributed on a small number of objects. This process avoids overweighting the importance of particular substituents present in a single molecule. Otherwise, it might negatively affect the whole model.
8. The whole block of X or Y variables scaled by block unscaled weighting (BUW) technique.
Prediction of the CoMFA model can be significantly improved by suitable variable clustering and selection procedures specified as smart region definition (SRD) and fractional factorial design (FFD). These variable selection techniques selectively eliminate noisy variables with no certainty. The SRD procedure carries out variable grouping based on their closeness in the 3D area to reduce the redundancy arising from the existence of multiple nearby descriptors which mainly encrypt the identical form of content [11]. FFD aims at selecting the variables which significantly increase the predictive ability (using the LOO, LTO, or LMO models), and can operate on both single variables or groups identified by a previous SRD run, thereby removing unhelpful variables groups as performed in GOLPE [12].
PLS analysis carries out in Open3DQSAR was engaged to obtain a correlation between the descriptors derived by CoMFA (independent variables) and pMIC50 values (dependent variable). Open3DQSAR produces a PLS model through the Non-linear iterative partial least squares (NIPALS) algorithm [13]. The statistical parameters like the coefficient of determination (R2), Standard Deviation Error in Calculation (SDEC), Standard Deviation Error in Predictivity (SEDP), and F-ratio test were computed the overall significance of the model. Moreover, the CoMFA color contour maps are derived for the steric and electrostatic fields.
MOLECULAR DOCKING (MD) AND MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS (MDSS)
The docking methodology can be used to perfect the interaction between a small molecule (drugs) and a protein (target) at the atomic level, which allow us to illustrate the behavior of drugs in the binding site of target proteins as well as to explain vital biochemical processes [14]. Docking of iminoguanidine-based inhibitors of HemO (25 compounds) was checked by AutoDock4.2 [15] program to detect their binding site, the best path, and the binding energy [16]. The crystal structure (target) of HemO (PDB entry code: 4mgf) was extracted from the Brook haven Protein Database (PDB http://www.rcsb.org/pdb). The X-ray crystal structure (target)
PDB: 4mgf was used to dock. At the beginning of docking, all the water molecules, Hetatm and B chain were removed, hydrogen atoms (polar only), and Kollman charges were added to the protein, and the file saved as pdbqt. A grid box was created with a grid point spacing of 0.375 Å and 40 × 40 × 40 points. Preparation of grid parameter file (.gpf) and a docking parameter file (.dpf), the Lamarckian genetic algorithm, and default procedures for docking a flexible ligand to a rigid protein were followed. The optimized receptor was then saved as a PDB file and used for docking simulation and molecular dynamics simulation (NAMD) [17].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
PMIC50 = 1.43985(+/-1.46294) +0.52064(+/-0.29982) EHOMO -0.9114(+/-0.20999) ELOMO -0.02651(+/-0.00365) PSA -0.00004(+/-0.00005) Ho -------------Model 1
Internal Validation Parameters
SEE = 0.1538; r^2 = 0.8499; r^2 adjusted = 0.7953; F = 15.5722 (DF: 4, 11)
Leave-One-Out (LOO) Result
Q2 = 0.5008; PRESS = 0.8651; SDEP = 0.2325
Without scaling After scaling
rm^2(Loo) : 0.47126 0.48689
rm^2'(Loo) : 0.23983 0.22357
average rm^2(LOO) : 0.35555 0.35523
delta rm^2(LOO) : 0.23142 0.26332
External Validation Parameters (Without Scaling)
r^2 = 0.91153; r0^2 = 0.8677; reverse r0^2 = 0.7660; rm^2(test) = 0.7207; reverse rm^2(test) = 0.5638; average rm^2(test) = 0.6423; delta rm^2(test) = 0.1568; rmsep = 0.2417; rpred^2 :0.7806; Q2f1 = 0.7806; Q2f2 = 0.7776
Some External Validation Parameters (After Scaling): rm^2(test) = 0.6084; reverse rm^2(test) = 0.3574; average rm^2(test) = 0.4829; delta rm^2(test) = 0.25096
Overall Parameters
Without scaling After scaling
rm^2(overall) : 0.63481 0.59588
reverse rm^2(overall) : 0.34942 0.29109
average rm^2(overall) : 0.49212 0.44349
delta rm^2(overall) : 0.28538 0.30479
Golbraikh and Tropsha acceptable model criterias
1. Q^2 0.5007 Passed (Threshold value Q^2>0.5)
2. r^2 0.9115 Passed (Threshold value r^2>0.6)
3. |r0^2-r'0^2| 0.1017 Passed (Threshold value |r0^2-r'0^2|<0.3)
4. k = 1.08014; [(r^2-r0^2)/r^2] 0.0481 OR* k' = 0.91837; [(r^2-r'0^2)/r^2] = 0.15963 Passed (Threshold value: [0.85<k
It can be seen that the performance of Model 1 built with four Spartan'14 descriptors, the standard errors of regression coefficients are given. Four variables EHOMO, ELUMO, PSA, and Ho in Model (1) could explain 85% of the variance (adjusted coefficient of variation) of the activity. The leave-one-out predicted variance was found to be 50%. The difference between |r0^2-r'0^2| is less than 0.3 signifying the robustness of the model [18]. While Model (1) was applied for the prediction of test set compounds, the predictive R2 value for the test set was found to be 0.7806. As r2 and r02 values are not much different, an acceptable value of rm^2(test) (0.7207) was obtained [19]. The mean effect (MF) value indicates the relative importance of a descriptor, compared with the other descriptors in the model. Its sign indicates the variation direction in the values of the activities as a result of the increase (or reduction) of the descriptor values. The mean effect values are given in Table 2. A negative effect of these descriptors illustrates that the
biological activity increases with decreasing the value of Energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (ELOMO) and standard enthalpy (Ho). The Energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO) and polar surface area (PSA) mean effect has a positive sign, suggest that the biological activity is directly related to these descriptors.
The leverage values can be calculated for every compound and plotted vs. standardized residuals, and it allows a graphical detection of both the outliers and the influential compound in a model. Figure 3 shows the Williams plot, the applicability domain is established inside a squared area within ±3 bound for residuals and a leverage threshold h* (h* =3(k+1)/n, where k is the number of model parameters and n is the number of compounds [20]. It demonstrates that some of the compounds of the training and test set are inside of this square area. There are influential outlier compounds with standard residuals >3d for the training sets. Besides, all the chemicals have leverage lower than the warning h* value of 0.60 except compounds 2, 5, and 19.
Since the QSAR model satisfied the Roy and Paul [19], Golbraiikh and Tropsha [21] criteria, showed that the QSAR model is considered predictive.
Investigation of the 3D-QSAR structure-activity quantitative relationship
To assess the predictive ability of the 3D-QSAR models, the following statistical parameters were used: the coefficient of determination (R2), the mean-square error of the model (SDEC), the F-statistic value, the correlation coefficient of the leave-one-out (LOO) method (Q2LOO), the correlation coefficient of the leave-two-out LTO method (Q2LTO), the correlation coefficient of the LMO method (Q2LMO), and the mean-square error of prediction (SDEP). The statistical results of MIFs studies are summarized in Table 3. The predicted values of the iminoguanidine-based activity are shown in Table 4. The calculated values of the model have the best match with the experimental data. The level of correlation between the activities predicted by the CoMFA model and the experimental values is also shown in Figure 3.
As can be seen from Table 3 (fractional factorial design (ffdsel)), the model has a high predictive ability. High coefficients of determination (R2 = 0.968) and LOO cross-
validation (Q2 = 0.52) indicate the statistical significance of the obtained model. The scatter plot of observed pMIC50 vs. predicted pMIC50 of both the training and test set of CoMFA models is shown in Figure 3. Molecular interaction field (MIF) contour maps were obtained to visualize the information about the 3D-QSAR models. The CoMFA steric (88.56%) and electrostatic (11.44%) contour maps were shown in Figure 4. The steric field is represented by green and yellow contours in which green contours indicate regions where the bulky group would be favorable while the yellow contours represent regions where the bulky group would decrease the activity.
As shown in Figure 4, green contour near the Rs position specified bulky groups at this position would increase the potency. The electrostatic field is indicated by blue and red contours, which demonstrate the regions where an electron-donating group and an electron-withdrawing group would be favorable, respectively. Great attention should be paid to the red region which indicates that the presence of a negatively charged group would increase the activity. The small yellow contours at the tail portions of the R2 residue show that too long alkyl chains might have a negative influence on its activity. A large yellow contour indicates that the -OH group is preferable at this position as compared to OCH3. In an electrostatic field, red and blue contours are mostly distributed near to the core of the iminoguanidine. So, the electronegative and electropositive substituents in these regions are likely to boost biological activity. The red contours surrounded the R1 and R3 position suggests that the electron-rich substituents in this region are likely to enhance biological activity. It indicates R1 group substituent is preferable than R3 group substituent because R3 group substituent is more electron-rich and it allows the electrons to be donated easily but not capable of ionization. The blue electrostatic contour near the R3 position indicates the presence of an electron-deficient group is favorable at this position.
The CoMFA model (uvepls) for iminoguanidine-based inhibitor of HemO yielded a strong PLS correlation with R2 = 0.985, Q2LOO = 0.576, Q2LTO = 0.563, and Q2LMO = 0.51 respectively, indicating an excellent internal prediction power of the established model. The conventional R2, F-test, and SDEC for the CoMFA model were found reasonable. The values of experimental and predicted activities along with the residual values of the training set and test set molecules are summarized in Table 4. The scatter plot of the observed vs. predicted values of pMIC50 of both the training and test set of CoMFA models is shown in Figure 5. This data shows that the observed and predicted activities of inhibitors are very close to each other. Most of the molecules show residual values less than 0.4. This graphical representation conforms to the good predictive power of the established model and also indicate that the developed CoMFA model is reliable and could be used in designing new inhibitors (Figures 6 and 7).
The Green and yellow contours represent the steric fields (79.54%). In detail, the green region in the steric contour maps indicates an area where the bulky groups are favored for activity while the yellow contours represent regions where the bulky groups are not favored for the activity. The red and blue contour represents electrostatic contour maps (20.46%). The blue contour defines a region of space where positively charged substituent increases activity, whereas the red contour defines a region of space where negatively charged substituent increases activity. This sterically crowded R2 group substituent may bring a hydrophobic nature to the parent iminoguanidine thereby enhances the activity.
enhancing and detrimental electrostatic effects with the positively charged probe, respectively.
MOLECULAR DOCKING RESULTS: INTERACTION MECHANISM BASED ON THE BINDING FREE ENERGY ANALYSIS
The docking results confirm the QSAR and 3D-QSAR analysis and experimental values (Table 1). The docking results of selected compounds are shown in Table 5. Compound 12 (Figure 8), which is the best-performing molecule in the data set, has the most binding energy (-6.54kcal/mol) and inhibition constant (Ki) as 16.01 µM. The steric (vdw_lib_desolve_energy) of -6.88 and the electrostatic_energy of 0.03 with ligand efficiency of -0.41. The docked conformations showed that all ligands bind to the active residues in the predefined hydrophobic binding pocket. The key residues in the binding pocket were Ala263, Glu325, Leu326, Asn79, Gly261, Ile327, Val260, Glu329, Phe259, Val328, Asn262, and Ile266.
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION RESULTS
The MD simulations were performed using the NAMD package [17] and was performed with CHARMM 27 force field. The parameter file par_all27_prot_lipid.inp was used. First the protein-ligand complex was solvate in water box as shown in Figure 9. Minimization was performed to optimize the initial structure of protein-ligand complex. After that, the temperature of system was gradually heated up from 0K to 310K in 50ps. Subsequently, the system was equilibrated at 310K for 100ps with NVT ensemble. Results of this simulation study revealed that the protein get stabilized after 500fs and it stayed stabilized up to 1000fs with respect to kinetic energy, temperature, total energy and RMSD was also determined as shown in Figure 10, respectively.
This result of molecular dynamics simulation proved that the docking of compound 12 was done correctly in the active site of HemO. It also gave the idea that the compound 12 formed a stable complex with protein when protein was simulated up to or beyond 500fs concerning temperature (at or above 298 K), kinetic energy (at or above 23895.44 kJ/mol) and total energy (at or above -57629.53 kJ/mol). To check the consistency of simulated and docked protein structure, they were arrayed over each other as shown in Figure 11. Exact alignment of docked and simulated protein structure with RMSD value 0 proved that the sequence of amino acid remained the same before and after the simulation and hence there was no change in the binding cavity of protein. From the results, the increase in the hydrophobic bond interaction with improved docking score was due to the stable conformation of simulated protein not due to change in the sequence of amino acids.
DRUG-LIKE PROPERTIES
The investigation of the World Drug Index (WDI), leads to Lipinski's ‘rule-of five’ [22-24]- that identified several critical properties that should be considered for compounds with oral delivery in mind. These properties, are usually viewed more as guidelines rather than absolute cutoffs, and they are:
Molecular weight, MW < 500 Da
Lipophilicity, log P or the calculate of 1-octanol-water partition coefficient, ClogP < 5 (or MlogP < 4.15)
Number of hydrogen-bond donors, OH plus NH count, <5
Number of hydrogen-bond acceptors, O plus N atoms, <10
The Ghose's "rule of four"[25, 26] are:
Calculated logP is between -0.4 and 5.6 or AlogP between 1.3 and 4.1
Molecular weight, between 160 and 480
Molar refractivity, between 40 and 130
Total number of atoms, between 20 and 70
The Veber’s “rule of two” [27] are:
The number of rotating bonds (nrotb) < 10
Polar surface area (PSA) equal to or less than 140 Å2
The above-mentioned parameters were calculated for all the series of the iminoguanidine derivatives (Table 3). Compound is probs to be dynamic orally if it follows the Lipinski and Veber rule [22-24,27]; however, it is deserving indicating some oral drugs which do not respect the rule. The partition coefficient (Log P) of Octanol/water is widely used for an estimation of membrane penetration and permeability, including gastrointestinal absorption, brain–brain crossing (BBC), and correlations with pharmacokinetic properties [28,29]. In other words, Low molecular weight drug molecules (<500) are easily transported, diffused and absorbed in relation to heavy molecules. The amounts of hydrogen bond acceptors (O and N atoms) and hydrogen-bonding donors (NH and OH) are found to be critical in drug development because they have an influence on absorption and permeation [30]. Screening process with Lipinski Rule of Five showed that all the compounds meet the criteria of drug-likeness assessment except compound 19. However, compound 19 were rejected with one violation (Table 6). According to the screening process with Ghose rules showed that all compounds meet the criteria except compound 19 were their AlogP is less than 1.3 (Table 7) [25-26]. Polar surface area is defined as a sum of surfaces of polar atoms (usually oxygens, nitrogens and attached hydrogens) in a molecule. This parameter has been shown to correlate very well with the human intestinal absorption, Caco-2 monolayer's permeability, and blood-brain barrier penetration. Molecules with PSA values of 140 A2 or more are expected to exhibit poor intestinal absorption. PSA values using Spartan'14 software (Table 5) and MedChem Designer (Table 6) are below 140 Å2. Number of rotatable bonds (nRotBt) is a simple topological parameter that measures molecular flexibility and is considered to be a good descriptor of oral bioavailability of drugs [31]. All the screened compounds using PaDEL software v2.0 were flexible, all the compounds 1 to 25 have rotatable bonds less than 8 (Table 7). However, the screening process with Veber rules [27], all the 25 compounds meet the criteria of drug likeness assessment, suggesting that these compounds theoretically have ideal oral bioavailability. These physicochemical parameters are associated with acceptable aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability that are the first steps in oral bioavailability.
The ideas such as ligand efficiency (LE), which correlates potency and molecular weight, and ligand-lipophilicity efficiency (LLE), which correlates potency and lipophilicity, have been employed by medicinal chemists to all together evaluate compound potency to properties [32]. Ligand efficiency (LE) is an important new concept, which estimates the efficiency of a binding interaction concerning the magnitude of ligand physical properties, most notably molecular weight [33]. The ligand efficiency (LE) is defined as followed:
LE=pMIC50/(number of heavy atoms)
Leach and his coworkers propose lipophilicity per unit of in vitro potency, or ligand-lipophilicity efficiency [33], as a more important objective for lead generation and optimization programs. The ligand-lipophilicity efficiency (LLE/LipE) is defined as followed:
LLE=pMIC50-S+logD (or LogD)
It is suggested to target a LipE is between 5 and 7 or even higher [34].
Ligand efficiency-dependent lipophilicity index (LELP) to combine molecular size and lipophilia into a single measure of efficacy [35]. The optimal value of LELP scores are -10 < LELP < 10 [36] and is defined as:
LELP=LogP/LE
Total polar surface area (TPSA) is a very useful parameter for prediction of drug transport properties [31]. TPSA (PaDEL software v2.0) of iminoguanidine derivatives were found in the range of 37.3457- 135.4850 and is well below the 140 Å2, and we can observe obviously that all the title compounds 1 to 25 exhibited a great percentage absorption (%ABS) [37] ranging from 72.1514 to 96.1157%, indicating that these compounds should have good cellular plasmatic membrane permeability except compound 19 (Table 7). Some compound is situated in the suggested range –10 < LELP(Table 7).
OPTIMIZE CLEARANCE AND ORAL ABSORPTION
S+logD and molecular weight are the key factors to determine the penetrability of drug candidates [38]. S+logD threshold values for high permeability is a lower value for ligands or compounds of lower molecular weight [39]. To achieve high permeability ligands with molecular weight less than 415 and S+logD less than 1.3 [38]. Most of our compounds are within the limits of Lipinski rules [22-24] except compound 19. The Golden Triangle [40] is a visual image built up from in vitro permeability, in vitro authorization, and computational data designed to help medicinal chemists obtain stable, pervious, and strong drug candidates. The chance of achieving effectiveness, stability, and permeability is actualized by moving the design properties into an area with a service line of S+logD = 0.0 to S+log D = 2.5 at MWt = 200 and a peek at S+logD = 0 – 2.5 and MWt = 300, these boundaries give a triangular shape, called the golden triangle. For our series of compounds, it is seeming that all the compounds except 2 and 17, have good permeability and low clearance because are concentrated within the golden triangle area as shown in Figure 5. These results should help design compounds with improved permeability.
CONCLUSION
In this study, carried out 25 iminoguanidine derivatives based on DFT/QSAR prove that our calculated results are similar to experimental data taken from literature. MIFs studies, against experimented biological activities. The atom-based and pharmacophore-based alignment with varying the 3D grid spacing method was used to provide the model for MIFs
analysis. These studies have recognized that the model derived through MIFs studies is quite reliable and significant. We have investigated that the PLS analysis at 2.0Å 3D grid spacing by Open 3DQSAR tools has presented quite statistical results in terms of R2 and Q2LOO values and showed a high degree of agreement with the experimented inhibitory activities. Also, the molecular interaction mechanism of inhibitor binding to HemO active binding site was explained based on molecular docking binding free energy analysis and molecular dynamics simulations. Our results suggested that inhibitor can exactly bind to the active binding site of HemO to display inhibitory activity and the van der Waals interactions could be driving force for the binding of inhibitor with HemO. A series of differently substituted iminoguanidine has been considered to check its potential biological activity. It has been found that these compounds should exhibit good cell plasma membrane permeability. Likewise, they satisfy Lipinski's rule of five, Veber’s rule of two and Ghose’s rule of four, indicating that these compounds theoretically would not have oral bioavailability problems. In particular, compound 12 which has the highest binding energy value of the dataset could be considered as a good candidate for biological testing.
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