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Polynesian wayfinding, in contrast, represents an ancient yet sophisticated navigation method rooted in a deep understanding of natural elements, such as stars, ocean currents, wind patterns, and bird flight paths. Polynesian navigators, or wayfinders, utilized this knowledge to traverse vast distances across the Pacific Ocean without the use of modern instruments, demonstrating a highly developed cognitive mapping ability passed down through generations [4]. This traditional navigation technique underscores the inherent connection between environmental knowledge and effective wayfinding, a principle that remains relevant in both historical and modern contexts [5].
In contemporary applications, wayfinding systems must integrate architectural design, signage, and branding to create a seamless and cohesive navigational experience. Consistency in design elements, akin to the standardized street signs for vehicular traffic, is critical for pedestrian wayfinding and enhances the overall legibility of spaces [6,7]. The inclusion of advanced technologies, such as interactive maps, mobile applications, and augmented reality (AR) tours, offers new opportunities to improve navigation for all users, including those with sensory impairments [8]. The holistic approach to wayfinding design considers both human cognition and technological advancements, aiming to create environments that are intuitive, accessible, and supportive for diverse user needs [9,10]. Thus, for modern wayfinding systems to be effective, they must address current challenges, including inconsistencies in signage, the need for regularly updated information, and the accommodation of diverse geographic areas [11]. Public transit systems, for example, often suffer from disjointed signage and information gaps, which can lead to confusion, particularly when transferring between different transit agencies [12].
Accessible travel necessitates cohesive and comprehensive wayfinding systems, yet current implementations exhibit significant inconsistencies. Research indicates a lack of coordination between signage, printed materials, and web-based information, resulting in fragmented and often confusing navigational experiences. Users frequently encounter disparate signage systems throughout their journey, particularly in transit hubs like railway stations, ferry wharves, and bus stops, which are notorious for lacking clear and legible information critical for effective orientation. To accommodate diverse user needs and abilities, wayfinding systems must be designed with inclusivity and continuity in mind. Unfortunately, the geographic distribution of these systems remains limited, often failing to provide seamless information across an entire journey. Compounding these issues is the misalignment of wayfinding structures with crucial decision points, which significantly hinders effective navigation. The situation is exacerbated when outdated information persists in these systems, rendering them less effective and potentially leading to confusion. Regular updates are essential to keep these systems relevant and useful. Moreover, people heavily rely on landmarks and visual cues for navigation, which should be thoughtfully integrated into system designs, especially in map graphics where spatial relationships are paramount [13].
Given the significant challenges identified in existing wayfinding systems, there is a pressing need for research that addresses these inconsistencies and proposes solutions that prioritize accessibility, inclusivity, and user-centered design. This study responds to this need by employing a multi-method approach that includes a comprehensive literature review, case study analysis, and observational fieldwork. The research focuses on identifying best practices in modern wayfinding systems, particularly those that integrate consistent visual language, strategic sign placement, and advanced technologies such as interactive maps and AR. Recommendations are made for designing wayfinding systems that not only enhance spatial orientation and reduce user anxiety but also promote a seamless navigational experience across various environments, including public transit hubs, hospitals, and large institutions. The significance of this study lies in its potential to inform urban planners, architects, and policymakers in creating environments that are navigable, accessible, and supportive of diverse user needs, ultimately advancing the field of wayfinding and contributing to more inclusive and livable communities.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The study of wayfinding has undergone significant evolution, reflecting the growing complexity of environments and the diverse needs of users. Wayfinding is a multifaceted process, encompassing cognitive, spatial, and behavioral elements that allow individuals to navigate from one location to another efficiently. The concept, popularized by, has since been expanded by researchers exploring different dimensions such as the effectiveness of signage, cognitive strategies, the integration of digital tools, and the inclusivity of wayfinding systems.
Early research in wayfinding primarily focused on the role of environmental cues, landmarks, and maps in facilitating navigation. Lynch emphasized the importance of visual landmarks and clear urban layouts for improving city navigation, while later studies expanded this foundation to include interior spaces like hospitals, airports, and educational institutions, where the complexity of environments poses significant challenges for users [14]. The literature highlights that wayfinding is crucial not only for spatial orientation but also for reducing stress and enhancing the overall experience of navigating complex environments [15].
Recent studies underscore the limitations of relying solely on traditional navigation aids. Research by Ishikawa [16] found that while GPS-based systems offer convenience, they can negatively impact spatial awareness compared to traditional maps, resulting in less accurate mental maps and longer travel distances. Meanwhile, the integration of digital tools such as interactive maps, augmented reality (AR), and mobile applications has shown promise in enhancing user experience by offering real-time, context-specific information. However, these technologies also introduce new challenges, including the need for consistent updates and consideration of user interface design to ensure accessibility and usability across diverse populations [17].
In addition to technological advancements, research has focused on the importance of inclusive design in wayfinding systems. Effective wayfinding must cater to users with varying cognitive abilities, sensory impairments, and levels of familiarity with the environment. Studies in hospital settings, for example, highlight the need for clear, consistent signage and digital tools that can be easily interpreted by all users, including those with disabilities [18]. Moreover, the incorporation of multi-sensory engagement and user-centered design principles is increasingly recognized as essential for creating navigable environments that promote independence and reduce anxiety [12].
The literature also discusses the role of cognitive and environmental factors in shaping wayfinding strategies. For instance, individual differences in spatial cognition and memory, as well as the configuration of the environment, significantly influence navigation performance [14]. Researchers emphasize that designing effective wayfinding systems requires a holistic approach that considers both the physical layout and the cognitive processes involved in navigation [19].
The body of research on wayfinding points to the critical need for systems that integrate environmental design, digital technology, and inclusive strategies. These systems should be adaptable, user-centered, and capable of providing clear, consistent guidance across various environments. The challenges identified in current wayfinding systems-such as inconsistent signage, limited geographic distribution, and outdated information-underscore the importance of ongoing research and innovation in this field.
METHODOLOGY
This study employs a multi-method approach to comprehensively evaluate the design, effectiveness, and inclusivity of modern wayfinding systems across diverse environments. The methodology integrates a literature review, case study analysis, and observational fieldwork to provide a holistic understanding of the factors influencing successful wayfinding systems. The first phase of the study involved a comprehensive review of academic literature, tracing the evolution of wayfinding systems from traditional navigation methods to contemporary strategies that integrate design principles, digital technology, and neuroscience. The literature review focused on key themes, including the historical development of wayfinding concepts, the role of visual and spatial cues in navigation, and the impact of digital tools like mobile applications, AR, and interactive maps. Particular attention was given to studies addressing the challenges and opportunities of designing inclusive wayfinding systems that accommodate users with diverse needs, such as those with cognitive or sensory impairments. The review also explored how advancements in neuroscience, particularly in understanding spatial cognition and multi-sensory engagement, have been applied to enhance wayfinding design.
To assess the effectiveness of existing wayfinding systems, the study selected a diverse range of case studies from environments where clear and consistent navigation is critical. These included transit hubs, museums, and healthcare facilities-settings that present unique challenges due to their size, complexity, and the diverse user groups they serve. For each case study, factors such as the clarity and consistency of signage, the integration of digital aids, and the user-friendliness of the environment were analyzed. By examining both successful and less effective systems, the analysis aimed to identify best practices and common pitfalls in wayfinding design. The case studies also provided insights into how different environments address the needs of users with disabilities, and the extent to which digital tools have been effectively integrated into traditional wayfinding systems.
The third phase of the research involved conducting observational fieldwork in real-world environments, focusing on user interactions with wayfinding systems. Field observations were carried out in high-traffic public spaces, including airports, hospitals, and urban districts, where wayfinding systems are heavily relied upon. Observers documented how users interacted with both physical signage and digital navigation aids, noting patterns in user behavior, instances of confusion, and points of friction where users struggled to find their way. The observational studies also evaluated the role of multi-sensory elements-such as tactile signage, audio guides, and color-coded pathways-in facilitating navigation, particularly for users with sensory impairments. These observations provided valuable data on how well-designed wayfinding systems can reduce stress, enhance spatial orientation, and improve overall user experience. This multi-faceted methodology ensured a thorough exploration of the key factors that contribute to effective, inclusive, and user-centered wayfinding systems, offering practical insights and recommendations for future design strategies.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Design Consistency and Inclusivity
The recommendations section offers guidelines for improving future wayfinding systems by focusing on design consistency, inclusivity, technology integration, and human-centered design approaches. Effective wayfinding systems should prioritize design consistency and inclusivity to address the diverse needs of users, including those with sensory impairments and cognitive challenges. Research emphasizes the importance of cohesive visual language in wayfinding, with consistent use of symbols, colors, and typography that are universally understandable. Signage should be placed at critical decision points and should incorporate tactile and auditory cues to ensure accessibility for all users, particularly those with disabilities [20]. Additionally, inclusive design strategies should consider diverse user requirements, ensuring that wayfinding systems are adaptable to different cognitive and sensory needs. For example, integrating multi-sensory elements such as braille, large print, and contrasting colors can significantly improve navigation for visually impaired users [21].
The integration of advanced technologies like augmented reality (AR), real-time data updates, and the Internet of Things (IoT) can greatly enhance user engagement and ensure that wayfinding information remains accurate and up to date. AR applications, for instance, offer immersive, real-time navigation experiences by overlaying directional cues on the physical environment, thereby simplifying the navigation process in complex spaces like museums and large transit hubs [22]. Real-time updates delivered through mobile apps or digital kiosks are essential in dynamic environments such as hospitals or airports, where sudden changes-like room reassignments or gate changes-can occur [23]. IoT-enabled devices, combined with data analytics, can offer personalized navigation routes and even predict user needs based on movement patterns and preferences, further enhancing the user experience [20].
Adopting a human-centered design philosophy ensures that wayfinding systems are intuitive, supportive, and adaptable to individual needs. This approach involves engaging users throughout the design process to gather insights into their preferences, challenges, and behaviors. Human-centered design emphasizes creating environments that align with natural cognitive processes, making navigation easier and more intuitive [24]. For example, in healthcare settings, human-centered wayfinding systems have been shown to reduce stress and improve patient satisfaction by addressing specific points of confusion, such as unclear signage or poorly placed information desks [23]. By iterating designs based on user feedback and real-world testing, wayfinding systems can better accommodate the diverse needs of all users.
Comprehensive wayfinding solutions should extend beyond the immediate environment, beginning with pre-visit planning and continuing through the visit itself and beyond. Prior to a visit, users benefit from tools such as accessible maps, virtual reality (VR) tours, and visual stories that help familiarize them with the space, reducing anxiety and enhancing overall experience. For example, virtual reality pre-visit tours can be particularly beneficial for individuals with sensory processing disorders, allowing them to experience the environment in advance and plan accordingly [25]. During the visit, clear and consistent signage, supported by digital tools like interactive maps, ensures that users can navigate confidently and efficiently. After the visit, follow-up information, such as additional resources or feedback opportunities, can help refine the wayfinding experience for future users.
Effective Wayfinding Signage
An effective wayfinding system relies on clear and concise signage that harmonizes with the environment and caters to the diverse needs of users. Several key elements contribute to the success of these systems, including clarity, consistency, strategic placement, and the integration of technology (Table 1). Signage should deliver information succinctly, using clear symbols, fonts, and colors that align with the design of the facility. Signage systems play a critical role in guiding and orienting users, and the information they convey should be accessible and easy to understand across different user groups [26]. Studies show that when signage is clear and concise, wayfinding errors such as wrong turns and backtracking decrease significantly, leading to better navigation [27].
A cohesive visual language, characterized by consistent use of color schemes, typography, and symbols, is crucial for effective navigation. Consistency across all signage elements creates a seamless experience, reducing confusion and helping users build mental maps of their surroundings. Research emphasizes the importance of design consistency for improving wayfinding efficiency, particularly in complex environments [30]. Ensuring that all signage is aligned with the overarching design principles of the space enhances both aesthetics and functionality.
Effective wayfinding signage should be strategically placed at key decision points, intersections, and high-traffic areas, ensuring visibility and accessibility to all users. Studies highlight that signage placement significantly affects wayfinding performance, particularly in complex or unfamiliar settings [29]. Consideration should also be given to the height and visibility of signs to accommodate diverse audiences, including those with disabilities [28]. The correct positioning of signage not only improves navigation but also reduces user stress and enhances the overall experience.
Incorporating digital solutions, such as interactive maps, touch-screen kiosks, and mobile apps, can further enhance the wayfinding experience by providing dynamic, real-time information. Digital signage has proven more efficient than traditional methods, offering real-time updates and user-centered guidance [30]. Additionally, integrating these technologies with Internet of Things (IoT) systems enables personalized routes and context-aware navigation, improving overall accessibility and user satisfaction [29].
Inclusive signage should incorporate tactile elements, braille, and audible cues to ensure accessibility for individuals with disabilities. Accessibility in wayfinding is not only about compliance but also about creating environments that are genuinely usable by everyone, regardless of ability [31]. Research suggests that providing accessible signage that accommodates a range of sensory needs is essential for effective navigation in diverse settings, including hospitals and transport hubs [18].
Using color coding for different areas within a space, such as parking levels or museum sections, can enhance memory and spatial orientation. Color is a powerful tool in wayfinding design, helping users distinguish between different zones and aiding in the retention of navigational information [12]. When applied consistently, color coding can make navigation more intuitive and improve overall wayfinding efficiency [32].
Thoughtful zoning and sequencing consider energy levels, acoustics, and sensory stimuli, tailoring spaces to their intended use and enhancing the overall experience. This approach ensures that environments are designed to meet the specific needs of users, whether they require quiet spaces or more dynamic, stimulating areas [13].
Designing spaces with both open areas for oversight and secluded areas for retreat provides users with choice and control, fostering a sense of safety and inclusion. The balance between openness and refuge is essential in creating environments that are both navigable and comfortable [23]. Wayfinding systems that consider these psychological factors can enhance user satisfaction and reduce anxiety.
Wayfinding systems also play a role in reinforcing a brand’s visual identity. Consistent use of colors, logos, fonts, and design elements strengthens brand presence while guiding users effectively. Integrating brand identity into wayfinding design creates immersive environments that align with the architect's vision and enhance the overall user experience [28]. This approach not only improves navigation but also contributes to a cohesive and engaging spatial narrative that resonates with all stakeholders.
Current Technological Solutions for Wayfinding
The development and implementation of advanced technological tools have revolutionized wayfinding, offering more efficient and user-centered solutions. This section highlights key technologies such as Verifind, Maps by Disrupt, Vicinia Ways, and Sound RideGuide, which demonstrate how digital innovation is transforming navigation experiences. Verifind (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNN-FuLl4vo), for instance, uses cutting-edge eye-tracking technology to analyze how people interact with visual cues and communication elements when navigating spaces. By studying where users focus their gaze and for how long, Verifind identifies areas where confusion may arise, allowing designers to optimize layouts and signage for more effective navigation. This human-centered approach is critical in wayfinding, as research shows that ineffective information presentation can significantly increase stress and disorientation for users [35]. Verifind currently focuses on evaluating existing wayfinding systems but aims to expand into developing more intuitive designs for future projects. This standardized approach to validating wayfinding effectiveness is necessary given the common pitfalls in signage design that often result in inefficient navigation [36]. Verifind’s emphasis on establishing industry standards seeks to ensure that all wayfinding systems undergo rigorous testing for usability and effectiveness.
Maps by Disrupt (https://bydisrupt.com/) offers real-time location updates and intuitive navigation for large, dynamic environments such as festivals. The platform’s detailed maps help users locate vendors, attractions, and services easily, while also highlighting special events and hidden gems that enhance the overall experience. The ability to share locations with friends through a simple link further supports seamless social interactions during events. This tool goes beyond basic navigation by integrating features that promote vendor visibility and boost event revenue through targeted promotions displayed directly on the map. The platform’s potential for real-time updates, though currently limited to static information, is an important consideration as research underscores the value of dynamic data in improving user experience in rapidly changing environments [37]. Maps by Disrupt exemplifies how location-based services can both enhance user engagement and optimize event operations by delivering timely, context-specific information.
Vicinia Ways (https://vicinia.io/vicinia-ways-revolutionizing-campus-navigation/) is a comprehensive digital wayfinding solution designed to improve navigation across complex environments like university campuses. Its features include automated routing, real-time updates, and seamless integration of public and private transit options. Vicinia Desk offers robust mobility management by considering variables such as time, user roles, and transport modes when generating routes. This level of customization is critical in large-scale environments where traditional navigation methods often fall short. The system’s ability to integrate shuttle routes and real-time vehicle tracking enhances the overall user experience by providing efficient and accessible transportation solutions. Digital maps and interactive tools, like those offered by Vicinia Ways, have been shown to be more effective than static signage in supporting user navigation, particularly when they incorporate real-time data and personalized routes. Vicinia’s holistic approach to digital wayfinding addresses both practical needs, such as parking management, and immersive experiences, including self-guided tours enriched with multimedia content.
Sound Transit’s Sound RideGuide (https://st-kiosk.ibi-transit.com/#/) represents a forward-thinking approach to wayfinding by prioritizing accessibility and inclusivity. The tool includes features such as sign language avatars, multi-language support, and dynamic rerouting capabilities. These enhancements are essential for complying with accessibility standards and ensuring that all users, regardless of ability, can navigate environments comfortably and independently. The integration of multi-sensory cues in wayfinding systems, as demonstrated by Sound RideGuide, aligns with best practices in accessible design. Studies emphasize that inclusive wayfinding should accommodate diverse sensory needs, with tactile, auditory, and visual aids working in tandem to provide comprehensive navigation support [38]. By incorporating these features, Sound RideGuide not only improves user experience but also sets a benchmark for accessibility in public transport systems. These technological advancements illustrate the growing importance of user-centered design, real-time data integration, and multi-sensory approaches in creating effective and inclusive wayfinding systems. As these tools continue to evolve, they promise to offer even more personalized and context-aware navigation experiences, enhancing both functional utility and user satisfaction.
Examples of Effective Wayfinding Systems
Several examples illustrate the impact of well-designed wayfinding systems on improving user experience and accessibility across different environments. This section highlights case studies from the Bay Area’s Regional Mapping Project, AnCasa Hotel Kuala Lumpur, Saint Luke’s Hospital of Kansas City, and Sydney’s Legible Sydney initiative, each demonstrating how tailored wayfinding solutions enhance navigation and inclusivity. The Regional Mapping and Wayfinding Project in the Bay Area aims to standardize wayfinding materials—such as maps, signs, and digital screens-across all nine counties, making transit navigation more consistent and user-friendly. In a series of collaborative workshops held in 2023, the project gathered input from communities most affected by transit inequities, including people with disabilities, low-income individuals, and those with limited English proficiency. The workshops revealed significant barriers to navigation, highlighting the importance of clear, consistent signage that considers diverse user needs [17]. By implementing these findings, the project seeks to improve transit accessibility, particularly for populations that face disproportionate challenges in navigating public transportation systems.
AnCasa Hotel in Kuala Lumpur revolutionized its guest experience by integrating digital wayfinding solutions developed in partnership with CAYIN Technology. These digital signs provide real-time updates and directions throughout the hotel, simplifying navigation for guests and ensuring they reach their destinations quickly and easily. The system also integrates with the hotel’s other digital communication channels to provide a seamless user experience. Research shows that integrating digital tools in hospitality environments can significantly reduce confusion and enhance guest satisfaction, particularly in large or complex facilities [39]. AnCasa Hotel’s successful adoption of digital wayfinding serves as a model for other hospitality businesses looking to enhance customer experience through technology.
Saint Luke’s Hospital in Kansas City has integrated digital kiosks and interactive signs with its wayfinding apps, focusing on improving patient and visitor experiences. Led by Chief Digital Officer Deborah Gash, the initiative prioritizes user-friendly interfaces and real-time updates, which are crucial in medical environments where patients and visitors are often under stress. Research in healthcare settings confirms that clear, accessible wayfinding systems reduce anxiety, improve spatial orientation, and lead to better overall patient experiences [40]. Saint Luke’s approach highlights the importance of investing in technology-driven solutions that align with patient-centered care principles, ensuring that visitors can navigate complex hospital environments with ease.
The Legible Sydney wayfinding system sets a benchmark for inclusivity in urban navigation. The system incorporates braille and tactile signs, pedestrian-friendly maps, and information pylons to enhance accessibility for all users, including those with visual impairments. Tactile aluminum panels display street names and building numbers in braille and raised lettering, strategically placed at pedestrian crossings and other key locations. Studies show that integrating multi-sensory cues into wayfinding systems is crucial for creating environments that are genuinely accessible to everyone [40]. Legible Sydney demonstrates how cities can design public spaces that are not only navigable but also inclusive, setting a global standard for accessible urban design. These examples highlight the significant benefits of investing in inclusive, technology-driven wayfinding systems that cater to diverse user needs. Whether in urban environments, healthcare settings, or hospitality, these projects underscore the importance of clear, consistent, and user-centered design in creating environments that are easy to navigate for all.
Training for Enhanced Wayfinding Support
Implementing comprehensive training programs for staff and volunteers is vital in creating effective and inclusive wayfinding systems. These programs equip personnel with the skills needed to assist visitors with diverse needs, making wayfinding systems more supportive and responsive. From a neuroscience perspective, such training not only enhances the visitor experience but also positively impacts the cognitive and emotional well-being of both service providers and users (Table 2).
Training programs should educate staff on recognizing and addressing the diverse needs of visitors. For instance, understanding the challenges faced by individuals with sensory impairments or cognitive disabilities allows staff to offer more tailored support. Reducing stress is crucial since chronic stress can impair cognitive function and overall brain health. Staff equipped with the knowledge to assist visitors effectively help mitigate stress and promote a sense of security and well-being in complex environments like hospitals and large public spaces. Evidence shows that providing clear, empathetic assistance can significantly lower anxiety and improve the overall navigation experience [41].
Empathy, particularly cognitive empathy, plays a critical role in providing effective support during navigation. Training staff to develop cognitive empathy enables them to better understand and anticipate the needs of visitors. Decety and Jackson found that training can alter neural pathways associated with empathy, enhancing social cognition and fostering a more inclusive and understanding environment. This is particularly beneficial in settings where visitors might experience disorientation or stress, as empathetic staff are more likely to provide the reassurance and guidance needed to ease the navigation process.
Effective communication is central to reducing cognitive load and improving wayfinding experiences. Training programs that teach staff to provide clear, concise instructions can help visitors with cognitive challenges navigate more easily. Baddeley emphasizes the importance of working memory and cognitive load in navigating environments. By teaching staff how to deliver information in a structured and supportive manner, these programs can significantly enhance the navigation experience for all users, particularly those with limited cognitive resources.
An inclusive environment is one where all individuals feel supported and able to navigate confidently. Comprehensive training should include strategies for promoting inclusivity by reducing barriers to communication and navigation. McEwen highlights that supportive environments contribute to better cognitive functioning and overall brain health. Training staff to recognize when and how to help-whether through verbal communication, guiding gestures, or providing alternative routes-helps create a more accessible and welcoming environment for all visitors.
CONCLUSION
This article examined the evolution of wayfinding systems and the need for inclusive, technology-driven approaches that cater to diverse user needs. Rooted in the foundational work of Lynch and further expanded by contemporary studies, wayfinding has grown to encompass not only traditional navigation tools but also advanced digital solutions designed to improve spatial orientation and accessibility. The study approached this issue through a comprehensive literature review, case study analysis, and observational fieldwork, evaluating the effectiveness of existing wayfinding systems across various environments. The findings emphasized the critical importance of consistency in design, strategic placement of signage, and the integration of advanced technologies like AR and IoT in enhancing user engagement and navigation experiences.
Key recommendations included the adoption of human-centered design principles to create cohesive and accessible wayfinding systems, addressing the diverse cognitive and sensory needs of users. Additionally, the study highlighted the significance of incorporating digital tools, such as real-time data updates and interactive maps, to ensure that wayfinding information remains current and responsive to changing conditions. Training programs for staff and volunteers were also underscored as essential for enhancing the overall user experience, as they empower personnel to assist visitors effectively, particularly those with disabilities or cognitive challenges.
The significance of this study lies in its potential to inform urban planners, designers, and policymakers in developing environments that are navigable, accessible, and inclusive. By integrating multi-sensory engagement and user-centered design strategies, future wayfinding systems can better support individuals in complex environments, ultimately contributing to more inclusive public spaces and improving quality of life.
Looking forward, future research should explore the long-term impacts of digital and inclusive wayfinding solutions on different user groups, especially those with disabilities. Additionally, studies should focus on the scalability of these solutions across various contexts, from small institutions to large urban centers. As technology continues to advance, ongoing evaluation of wayfinding systems will be crucial to ensuring that they evolve alongside user needs, maintaining their effectiveness and inclusivity in increasingly complex environments.
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