Ecotherapy, also known as nature therapy or green therapy, is an emerging field that emphasizes the therapeutic benefits of nature and the natural environment for mental and physical well-being. This approach integrates natural elements, particularly natural light and fresh air, into therapeutic practices, harnessing their inherent healing properties to foster emotional regulation, mental clarity, and stress reduction [1].

Ecotherapy, with its focus on integrating natural elements into therapeutic practices, relies heavily on the synergistic effects of natural light and fresh air. By combining these elements, eco-therapy fosters a holistic approach to well-being that addresses both physical and mental health. The combination of sunlight exposure and fresh air intake encourages outdoor activity, which is itself a promoter of health and emotional regulation [2].

In recent years, a growing body of research has pointed to the significant impact that natural environments have on human well-being, leading to the emergence of eco-therapy as a recognized field within therapeutic practices. Ecotherapy aligns with principles of mindfulness, encouraging individuals to engage with their surroundings and cultivate a deeper appreciation for nature. Mindfulness practices rooted in eco-therapy can enhance psychological resilience and reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression [3].

Ecotherapy is based on the idea that human beings are interconnected with nature and that this connection can significantly impact mental and physical health. The term itself encompasses various practices that utilize nature as a therapeutic tool, ranging from wilderness therapy and nature walks to gardening and landscape therapy [4]. At its core, eco-therapy aims to help individuals reconnect with the natural world, thereby facilitating healing and personal growth.

The integration of natural light and fresh air into therapeutic practices aligns with a holistic approach to health. Holistic health emphasizes the interconnectedness of mind, body, and environment, recognizing that well-being is influenced by various factors, including physical surroundings [5]. Ecotherapy promotes this holistic view by encouraging individuals to engage with nature actively, fostering a sense of peace, mindfulness, and grounding.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Ecotherapy, a therapeutic intervention grounded in nature-based experiences, has gained recognition as a viable treatment for improving both mental and physical health. Central to its effectiveness are the natural elements of light and air, which provide measurable physiological and psychological benefits. Research into the role of natural light and fresh air in ecotherapy underscores their crucial impact on human well-being, especially regarding mental clarity, emotional regulation, and stress management. This literature review seeks to explore the influence of natural light and fresh air in ecotherapy interventions, drawing on key studies and theoretical frameworks to evaluate their efficacy in promoting holistic health.

The beneficial effects of natural light, particularly sunlight, have been a focal point of various studies related to human health. Sunlight has been found to play an essential role in both physiological and psychological functions. A significant body of research has demonstrated the link between sunlight exposure and the production of Vitamin D, which is critical for bone health and immune function [6]. However, its impact on mental well-being, particularly in the regulation of mood and prevention of depressive symptoms, is equally noteworthy.

Sunlight’s role in mood regulation is primarily facilitated by its influence on serotonin production, a neurotransmitter linked to mood stabilization and feelings of happiness. A study by Lambert [7] identified that sunlight exposure increases the brain’s serotonin levels, which can alleviate symptoms of depression and improve overall emotional well-being. Furthermore, exposure to natural light has been shown to reduce symptoms of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), a form of depression that occurs during the winter months when sunlight is limited [8]. Light therapy, which mimics natural sunlight, has been developed as a treatment for SAD, demonstrating how crucial sunlight is for emotional health.

In addition to mood regulation, natural light helps regulate the body’s circadian rhythms, which govern the sleep-wake cycle. Disruption of these rhythms, often caused by insufficient sunlight exposure, can lead to sleep disorders, which in turn affect mental and physical health [9]. Studies have found that increased sunlight exposure, particularly during the morning, can improve sleep quality by promoting the production of melatonin, a hormone that aids sleep [10]. This regulation of sleep cycles by natural light enhances cognitive functions, mood stability, and overall mental health, making it an essential element of ecotherapy.

Fresh air, particularly when experienced in natural settings such as forests, parks, and green spaces, is another vital element of ecotherapy. The presence of clean air, enriched with oxygen and filtered through vegetation, has a direct impact on physical and mental well-being. Exposure to fresh air, especially in environments with abundant plant life, contributes to better lung function and overall respiratory health. Trees and other vegetation act as natural air filters, removing pollutants and releasing oxygen, thereby improving air quality [11]. Research has indicated that cleaner air enhances oxygen uptake, which is crucial for brain function and overall energy levels [12]. In ecotherapy practices, being in fresh air environments supports physical health by reducing respiratory stress and enhancing lung capacity.

Fresh air also positively impacts cognitive function and mental clarity. A study conducted by Li [13] explored the effects of forest environments on mental health and found that individuals exposed to fresh air in forest settings showed improved cognitive performance, including enhanced focus and reduced mental fatigue. These findings align with Kaplan’s [14] Attention Restoration Theory (ART), which posits that nature exposure, including fresh air, can restore cognitive resources depleted by the demands of modern life. In ecotherapy, the cognitive benefits of fresh air are often experienced in tandem with the calming effects of natural surroundings, providing a holistic approach to mental clarity.

In addition to its cognitive benefits, fresh air plays a significant role in stress reduction. Studies have found that outdoor environments, particularly those rich in fresh air, lower cortisol levels, the body’s primary stress hormone [15]. The ability of fresh air to reduce stress is particularly pronounced in green spaces, where the presence of trees and plants enhances the air quality and creates a calming atmosphere. This is further supported by research on forest bathing, or shinrin-yoku, a Japanese practice that involves spending time in forests to improve health. Research by Lee [16] has shown that forest bathing lowers stress levels, improves mood, and increases feelings of relaxation, all of which are key goals of ecotherapy.

The presence of trees and other vegetation in outdoor environments plays a crucial role in improving air quality by absorbing pollutants and releasing oxygen. Forested areas, in particular, are known to have higher levels of negative ions, which have been found to enhance mood and cognitive function [17]. These negative ions can improve the overall quality of the air, making it easier to breathe and promoting lung function. Studies have shown that individuals who spend time in green spaces experience lower rates of respiratory problems and report improved lung capacity and function [18]. In addition to the physical benefits, the psychological effects of breathing in fresh, clean air are significant. The act of deep breathing, which is often encouraged in ecotherapy practices, helps to calm the nervous system and promote mindfulness, further enhancing the therapeutic effects of spending time in nature.

In ecotherapy, mindfulness practices are often combined with nature immersion to foster psychological resilience. Psychological resilience refers to an individual’s ability to cope with stress and adversity and is essential for maintaining mental health [19]. Exposure to natural light and fresh air helps individuals build this resilience by reducing stress hormones, improving mood, and fostering a sense of connection to the natural world. This connection to nature has been described as “biophilia,” a term coined by E.O. Wilson to describe the innate human tendency to seek connections with nature and other forms of life [20]. By reconnecting with nature, individuals in ecotherapy can develop greater emotional stability, mental clarity, and resilience.

RESULTS AND IMPACT

Ecotherapy encompasses various practices that involve direct interaction with nature, such as gardening, hiking, and forest bathing. These activities are designed to promote mental health and emotional well-being through immersion in natural settings. The therapeutic benefits of ecotherapy are increasingly recognized by mental health professionals and are integrated into treatment plans for individuals experiencing various mental health challenges, including anxiety, depression, and stress [4].

Natural light exposure has been linked to improvements in cognitive function and productivity. Studies suggest that workers in environments with ample natural light experience better concentration, reduced eye strain, and increased energy levels [21]. A study conducted by Heerwagen [22] found that natural light exposure in workspaces improved overall cognitive performance, leading to higher productivity.

Furthermore, a study by Küller [23] demonstrated that participants who worked in well-lit environments reported increased feelings of alertness and improved task performance. This enhanced cognitive function is essential for individuals undergoing ecotherapy, allowing them to engage more fully with therapeutic activities.

Moreover, natural light exposure increases serotonin levels, a neurotransmitter associated with feelings of happiness and well-being. Research conducted by Duncan [24] found that individuals exposed to natural light reported higher levels of serotonin and overall mood improvement. This connection between natural light, serotonin production, and mood underscores the importance of incorporating natural light into ecotherapy interventions.

Access to fresh air encourages outdoor physical activities, such as walking, jogging, or gardening, which are essential components of ecotherapy. Regular physical activity has been shown to reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, improve cardiovascular health, and enhance overall well-being [25]. A study by Kaczynski and Henderson [26] found that individuals who participated in outdoor physical activities reported improved mental health outcomes compared to those who engaged in sedentary behaviors.

Ecotherapy encourages social interactions and community building, as many therapeutic activities are conducted in group settings. Participation in group ecotherapy sessions fosters a sense of belonging and support among individuals facing similar challenges [4]. A study by Rassool et al. (2016) found that participants in ecotherapy programs reported enhanced social connections and improved interpersonal

Various case studies have highlighted the physical health benefits of ecotherapy. For instance, a study conducted by Jordan [1] examined individuals with chronic pain who participated in ecotherapy interventions that included exposure to natural light and fresh air. The results showed significant reductions in pain levels and improvements in overall physical health, indicating the therapeutic potential of nature-based interventions.

A central component of ecotherapy is the promotion of mindfulness, which involves being fully present and engaged in the current moment without judgment. The natural elements of light and air help facilitate this state of mindfulness by creating a calming and serene environment that allows individuals to focus on their surroundings and their inner experiences. Mindfulness has been shown to reduce symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress, and it is a key element in the therapeutic process of ecotherapy [27].

DISCUSSION

Challenges and future directions

While the benefits of natural light and fresh air in ecotherapy are well-documented, several challenges remain in integrating these elements into mainstream therapeutic practices. Access to natural spaces may be limited in urban environments, and weather conditions can affect the consistency of outdoor ecotherapy sessions [28]. Additionally, there is a need for more empirical research to quantify the long-term effects of natural light and fresh air on mental health outcomes, particularly in diverse populations and clinical settings.

Future research should focus on developing standardized protocols for ecotherapy interventions, as well as exploring the potential of indoor nature simulations (e.g., light therapy, air purifiers, and plant installations) for individuals who may not have regular access to outdoor environments [29]. Moreover, public health initiatives should prioritize the creation of accessible green spaces and urban planning that integrates natural elements to promote community well-being.

However, the challenge with utilizing fresh air in ecotherapy lies in environmental factors. Urbanization, pollution, and deforestation have significantly reduced the availability of high-quality outdoor air, particularly in densely populated cities. Air pollution has been linked to a range of health issues, including respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, and cognitive decline [30]. This makes it difficult to conduct ecotherapy in environments where fresh air is compromised. Furthermore, seasonal changes can affect the availability of fresh air; for instance, cold winter air or pollen-heavy spring air may exacerbate respiratory conditions for certain individuals, limiting their ability to engage in outdoor therapy sessions.

Additionally, there is a lack of standardized protocols for ecotherapy practices. Unlike traditional forms of therapy, ecotherapy is not yet fully recognized as a formal therapeutic practice in many regions. This lack of standardization means that there is limited regulation and oversight of ecotherapy practitioners, which can result in inconsistent outcomes for clients. Furthermore, there is a need for more empirical research to validate the effectiveness of ecotherapy and to establish best practices for its implementation [31].

Another challenge is the potential for over-reliance on natural elements as a form of therapy. While natural light and fresh air are beneficial, they should not be viewed as a standalone treatment for mental health conditions. Ecotherapy should be used as a complementary approach alongside other evidence-based therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or pharmacotherapy. Integrating ecotherapy with other therapeutic modalities can provide a more holistic approach to mental health care, but this requires collaboration between mental health professionals and ecotherapy practitioners.

CONCLUSION

Ecotherapy offers a promising approach to mental and physical well-being by harnessing the healing power of natural light and fresh air. These elements promote emotional regulation, mental clarity, and stress reduction, making them essential components of holistic health practices. However, the challenges of accessibility, environmental factors, and the lack of standardized protocols must be addressed to ensure the effective implementation of ecotherapy. With further research and development, ecotherapy has the potential to become a widely recognized and accessible form of therapy that enhances well-being for individuals across diverse environments.