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This study is an attempt to find out material from
natural product friendly to environment and cheap to human. The crude ethanol,
butane and distilled water extracts of Calotropis
procera leaves and flower have been screened for their insecticidal
activities against Musca domestica.
The main objective of this work is encouraging the use of natural product
pesticide friendly to environment. The ethanolic, botanic and water extract of
leaves flowers from the Sudanese plant Calotropis
procera (Asclepiadaceae) were tested against house fly. The obtained
results indicated that the crude latex extracted by these solvent showed a
significant effect on house fly mortality while there were no significant
differences among the solvent and distilled water.
Keywords: Calotropis procera, Solvent extract, Mortality
INTRODUCTION
Calotropis procera, a small shrub is of immense
pharmacological importance as a traditional medicine in the Middle East, Africa
and South East Asia. Two common species of Calotropis have been mentioned in
literature by ancient writers, C. procera
and C. gigantean. Both of these
species contain similar phytochemical constituents and could possibly be used
as substitutes for one another. It is widely used in Indian, Arabic and
Sudanese traditional medicinal systems for curing wide range of diseases.
Various tribes of the world are also known to use C. procera as a curative for skin disease, elephantiasis,
toothache, asthma, leprosy and rheumatism [1]. Various phytochemicals that have
pharmacological implications are found spread across different parts of the
plant, such as leaves, roots and bark, flower, fruits, stem and latex. The
plant is reported to possess acaricidal, schizonticidal, antimicrobial,
anthelmintic, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, anticancerous and
larvicidal activities [2]. This is possibly due to the presence of numerous
phytochemicals, namely, calotropin, calotropagenin, calotoxin, calactin,
uscharin, amyrin, amyrin esters, uscharidin, coroglaucigenin, frugoside,
corotoxigenin, calotropagenin and voruscharine [2]. Presence of norditerpenic
esters, organic carbonates, cysteine protease, alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols
and various cardenolides makes C. procera
a significant candidate plant for new drug discoveries. Hence, it is imperative
to highlight the pharmacological benefits that could be reaped from this small
erect shrub. In this review, we focus on different pharmacological benefits of
numerous constituents found in C. procera
and shed light on its potential as an anti-cancer agent. Plant overview
habitat: C. procera is mostly found
in habitats with little competition from other plants. These plants tend to
grow in dry and rugged habitats with little rainfall (150 to 1000 mm) annually
and areas with well-drained soil having 2000 mm of annual precipitation. The
plant is commonly found on roadsides, beachfront dunes, and urban areas. It is
also found in areas 1000 m above sea level. Due to its xerophytic nature it can
grow and propagate under harsh desert conditions. It is also grown as an
ornamental plant in dry or coastal regions in the world [2,3]. The common houseflies Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae)
are known as one of the most serious pests at human and animal dwellings
worldwide [4] which can spread a deadly pathogenic bacterium [5] as well as
transmit antibiotic-resistant bacteria [6]. Adult
houseflies are
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Leaves and flowers extract of Calotropis procera were prepared by
different solvent (distilled water, ethanol and butane). The dried ground
leaves and flowers were soaked for 24 h water in room temperature. Twenty
number of 1st, 2nd and 3rd adult house fly of M. domestica were selected separately
for each set of treatment. Each experiment was conducted in triplicates along
with the control group. Mortality of adult insects followed by the exposure was
recorded in 4 h. LC50 was calculated using Karber’s method (Karber,
1931).
Collection
and processing of plants sample
Fresh leaves and flowers of C. procera were collected from around
the University of Zalingei. Leaves and flowers were properly cleaned and shade
dried for 12 days at 32-35°C and relative humidity 50-60%. The dried leaves and
flowers were powdered mechanically using commercial electrical stainless steel
blender (Remi Anupam Mixie Ltd., India). The samples were stored in air tight
container at room temperature in dark for further analysis.
Extraction
of plant extracts
The dried leaves and flowers of C. procera were extracted separately
with 1 L of 90% ethylene, butane and distilled water. The extracts were
concentrated at 50°C and the residue obtained was stored at 4°C.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
All
the experiments were carried out in three replications in Split Plot Design.
Data were subjected to ANOVA to find out the difference among the
concentrations of the plant extracts using DMR test at 5% level of probability.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the present study, the ethanolic, butane
and distilled water extracts of the leaves and flower of the plants, C. procera was quite effective against
the housefly. These extracts drastically affected the adults as an insecticide,
result showed that it may have pesticidal or anti-feedant properties [14,15].
Though reports on nematicidal [16], antimicrobial and anti-helminthic [17]
activities of C. procera extract and
its use in the treatment of toothache, cough and subcutaneous diseases [18]
exist, there is no report at all regarding the LC50 for the alcoholic extract
of C. procera leaf against M. domestica. The results presented in Table 1 and Figure 1 exhibit the
toxicity of flowers and leaves extract of Calotropics
procera against M. domestica,
showed a significant effect in insect mortality but there were no significant
differences between them that mean distilled water will play a significant role
in extraction of the active ingredient from both flower and leave. The lowest
amount of extracted material was collected from flowers using distilled water. Earlier
authors reported that the bio insecticides, particularly those are derived from
plant origin, have been increasingly evaluated in controlling the population of
insect’s pest [19,20]. Flowers and leaves extract showed a better result than
flowers or leaves. Natural products of plants origin are alternative agents for
insect control because they constitute a rich source of bioactive chemicals.
Numerous studies have been drawn by considering the toxic effects of plant
extracts and dipterans [21,22]. The botanical extracts from the plant leaves,
roots, seeds, flowers and bark in their crude form have been used as conformist
pesticides for centuries [23,24].
CONCLUSION
The result of present investigation reveals
the insecticidal potentials of the tested botanical extract against the house
fly M. domestica. The leaf and flower
extract of Calotropis procera was
very promising; furthermore, all these plant materials can be easily collected
from the natural vegetation. Therefore, plant originated insecticides can be
used as sustainable pesticide in a housefly control programme. These findings
have emphasized the need to explore the possibility of using plant based
pesticides and reduce the chemical hazards in the environment. Further studies
on these plants, including mode of action, synergism with the biocides under
field condition are needed. Also isolation of the active compounds from these
plants and further trial assay in the field are required.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are here acknowledged the staffs of the
laboratory of biology, faculty of education, University of Zalingei, who are
assisting the scientist in different way of having good knowledge.
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Table 1
