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Primary teeth are involved in mastication,
speaking, esthetics and preserving space for the erupting permanent teeth
therefore, keeping them till permanent teeth eruption is unavoidable [1].
Technical problems occur occasionally during endodontic treatment, among which
furcal perforations have the worst prognosis [2].
Perforations are pathologic or iatrogenic
communications between the root canal system and the attachment apparatus. If a
perforation occurs, the tooth will not necessarily lost, in fact, it can be
treated successfully in a conservative manner and continue to function as it
did before the perforation till the time of shedding [3].
Despite the numerous favorable properties of
MTA that support its clinical use when compared with the traditional materials,
there are several critical drawbacks such as the prolonged setting time,
difficult handling characteristics, high cost, and potential of tooth
discoloration [4].
A variety of new calcium silicate–based
materials have been developed aiming to improve MTA shortcomings. BiodentineTM
is a high-purity calcium silicate based dental material that is recommended for
use as a dentine substitute under resin composite restorations and an
endodontic repair material because of its good sealing ability, high compressive
strengths, short setting time, and biocompatibility, bioactivity, and
biomineralization properties [4].
The aim of this study was to investigate the
histopathology of periodontium to experimentally induced furcal perforations in
dogs’ primary teeth repaired by Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and
Biodentine.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental animals
Methods
Anesthesia administered by respiratory
anesthetics. Then, a bite block had been fitted on the molars opposite to the
working site.
After preparing the access cavity, furcal
perforations were created one millimeter in diameter using a round bur.
The samples were
randomly divided into two experimental groups (n=24 each) and two control groups
(24 each).
Group A: MTA
Group B: Biodentine
Group C,D: The second and third mandibular left primary molars
and the second and third maxillary left primary molars were not repaired with
any material as they were used as control for the MTA group and Biodentine
group respectively.
Histopathological Examination
1-The animals were divided into three groups and
sacrificed with vital perfusion at one,
two, and three months intervals
2-The healing process, presence of inflammatory cells,
vasodilatation and abscess
formation were assessed by a pathologist.
RESULTS
The results showed that no statistically significant difference was observed between MTA and Biodentine group regarding tissue inflammation, where in MTA group at one, two and three months intervals no abscess or bone resorption were observed, also bone apposition was observed in all teeth at two months interval and epithelium and granulation tissue were formed in all teeth at three months interval, on the other hand in Biodentine group no abscess was found in the three time intervals, however one tooth showed bone resorption at two months interval, bone and cementum was observed in 7 teeth at the three time intervals, and epithelium and granulation tissue were found in all teeth at three months interval.
However there was a significant different between the two groups and their control, where in both control groups there was abscess formation and bone resorption in addition to moderate to severe inflammation that was observed in the furcation area as shown in Figure 3.
DISCUSSION
Materials used in endodontics should preferably
be biocompatible when they are placed in direct contact with living tissue such
as in pulp capping, perforation repair, or when used as a retrograde filling
[5].
Dogs were used in this study because dog is a demanding experimental model, having primary molars that have successors, also having two rooted lower molars that often furcate as close as 1 to 2 mm from the cemento enamel junction. As a result, epithelialization and the formation of connective tissue at a furcation perforation should be more likely than in humans, where the furcation lies deeper within the alveolus [6]. The size of perforations in this investigation was standardized at 1.4 mm, which is similar to several previous studies [6-9]. The bur was allowed to penetrate 2 mm into the alveolar bone to enhance the inflammatory response [9].
Several studies have reported the ability of MTA to
prevent leakage in a variety of applications [10,11]. Moreover, they reported
its superiority compared to other dental materials. For this reason, we
included MTA as a standard perforation repair material for better comparison
with Biodentine.
In our study Biodentine showed comparable favorable results in repairing furcal perforation compared to MTA without showing any statistically significant differences and this was in agreement with an in vivo study performed by De Rossi et al. [12].
Deposition of hard tissue over MTA was observed in
87.5% at one and three months and 100% at two months, also was observed in
87.5% at the three time follow up over Biodentine. In addition, new cementum
was fused to the original cementum on the root surface. This supports earlier
reports of repair when using MTA [6,13,14].
In clinical situations of perforations caused by
caries, the pulp tissue is likely to be infected with bacteria at the moment of
the treatment, which may lead to predominance of degenerative inflammatory
response and affect the reparative response [15]. However, the present study
used sound teeth to avoid the interference of confounding factors.
The high success rates observed with Biodentine and
MTA could be attributed to several factors related to the host, the capping
material, and the mechanism of operation. Also including the initial condition
of the pulp tissue, the absence of microbial contamination, the only source of
infection would be bacterial infiltration through the access cavity margins.
CONCLUSIONS
Due to major advantages and appreciable
properties and ability to achieve biomimetic mineralization and give successful
outcomes of treatment of Furcal perforation, biodentine has great potential to
revolutionize the management of affected tooth in endodontics. The easy
handling and fast setting time are the major advantages incomparison to other
similar materials available commercially. So Biodentine can be used as a
potential alternative for the repair of furcation perforations due to its
biocompatibility.
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Fuks AB (2005) Pulp therapy for the primary dentition.
In: Pinkham JR, Casamassimo, Field jr, editors. Pediatric dentistry infancy
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- Sanghvi T, Shah
N, Shah R (2013) Comparative analysis of sealing ability of Biodentine and
Calcium Phosphate cement against Mineral Trioxide Aggregate as a furcal
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(2008) Dentistry Today. Department of Continuing Education.
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Akbulut MB, Eldeniz AU (2013) Effect of various endodontic irrigants on
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Kishore G (2005) Trends Biomaterial Artificial Organs 18: 158-165.
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Torabinejad M (2002) Principles and practice of endodontics. (3rdedn),
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Deeb M, Tabibi A, Jensen JR (1982) An Evaluation of the Use of Amalgam,
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- De Rossi A,
Bezerra Silva LA, Gaton-Hernandez P, SousaNeto MD, Nelson- Filho P,
Bezerra Silva RA, de Queiroz AM (2014) Comparison of Pulpal Responses to
Pulpotomy and Pulp Capping with Biodentine and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate
in Dogs. J Endod 40: 1362-1369.
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Al-Nazhan S (2007) Histological evaluation of contaminated furcal
perforation in dogs’ teeth repaired by MTA with or without internal
matrix. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radio Endod 103: 92-99.
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Shabahang S, Torabinejad M (2004) Hard-tissue healing after application of
fresh or set MTA as root end- filling material. J Endod 30: 21-24.
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Lipski M, Parafiniuk M, Sporniak-Tutak K, Lichota D, et al. (2013)
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aggregate. J Endod 39: 743-747.
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