There are two key elements of self-efficacy: 1) Outcome expectancy 2) Efficacy expectancy. Bandura [7] found that our self-efficacy is affected by our thoughts, our motivation, affective behavior, selection. Self-efficacy has been defined as “an individual’s conviction of confidence about his or her abilities to mobilize the motivation, cognitive resources and courses of action needed to successfully execute a specific task within a given context” [8].

3) Resilience: Resilience is ability to be happy, successful again after something difficult or bad has happened. It is a capacity to bounce back from adversity and grow stronger from overcoming negative events. [9,10]. In our life what makes us successful and striving is not how often we get rejected but how we bounce back and get through it. According to Masten and Reed [11] resilience is a positive reaction or adaptation process in situations of adversity. Resilience contains four components which support a positive psychological character: a) It has capacity to make realistic plans and take proper steps to carry them out. b) Confidence and positive view of oneself in their strengths and abilities. c) It has ability of problem solving and proper communication skills. d) It has capacity to manage strong feelings and impulses. All these factors one can develop in themselves [12].

4) Optimism- Optimism has a very specific meaning in positive psychology. It is commonly used in everyday language. It is appositive attribution about succeeding in any task now and in the future. Optimist believes that good things will happen to them in future but for that they have work hard. It can be defined as a psychological intension and expectation to hope the best possible and positive outcome which can be positively influence people’s mental and physical health. Seligman [13] defines optimists as those that build internal, stable, and international attribution relating to positive events (e.g., task accomplishment) and people attribute external, unstable, and specific reasons for negative events (e.g., a missed deadline). Optimism is a particular aspect of PsyCap which is associated with a positive outcome or attribution of events, which includes positive emotions and motivation and has warning of being realistic [14].

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Luthans has highlighted hope, Self-efficacy, Resiliency and optimism as positive psychology variables. While studying these components with in workplace Luthans found that these four variables interacted to form a higher order of construct that increases performance. Many researchers used this scale in different areas like in organization, IT sectors, Psychological well beings, Mental Health, Stress etc. [15] in their research determine the relationship between psychological capital and stress, anxiety, burnout, job satisfaction and job involvement. Result of the study was as teachers’ psychological capital increase their stress level decrease.

Mubeen and Fatima [16] in their study, ‘Psychological capital- A Buffer to stress at college and corporate’. They take sample of 100 employees from St. Ann’s college. They found that those who have high PsyCap they have less stress. In another study, Zhong and Ren [17] tested the relationship between undergraduate’s academic stress and their perceived psychological distress and moderating effects of psychological capital. The result indicated that undergraduates’ academic stress was positively related to their perceived psychological distress. Psychological capital was negatively associated with their psychological distress. Joshi [18] in her study revealed that the students from Commerce and Science faculty did not significantly differ on PsyCap. But commerce student show significantly high psyCap as compared to arts students.

Objectives

·         To study Hope, Self-efficacy, Resilience and Optimism of youths of college.

·         To examine relationship between Hope and Self-efficacy, Resilience and Optimism.

Problems

1. Are girls better than boys in self-efficacy?

2. Do girls differ in hope with compare to boys?

3. Are girls optimistic than boys?

4. Is there any significant difference in resilience between boys and girls?

5. Does any relationship indicate between dimensions of PsyCap?

Hypotheses

1. Self-efficacy of girls will be higher than boys.

2. Boys would show greater hope than Girls.

3. Girls will be more optimistic than boys.

4. There will be no significant difference of resilience          between boys and girls.

5. There will be positive correlation between Self-efficacy and Hope.

6. Positive correlation may occur between Self-efficacy and Resilience.

7. Self-efficacy and Optimism may show positive correlation.

METHODOLOGY

Tools

Self-prepared scale on Psychological Capital was used with dimensions namely Hope, Self-efficacy, Resilience and Optimism in five-point scale. It contains 40 items and subjects have to answer in fully agree, agree, indifferent, disagree and fully disagree manner. Age range is 18 plus.

Sample

The sample of 100 college students (50 girls and 50 boys) up to 18 to 25 years old were selected by incidental random basis from different colleges of RTM Nagpur University in Wardha city, Maharashtra, India.

Research design

 To examine the difference between the means of boys and girls the method of two group design was used. To examine relationship between the variables Product Moment correlation will be applied.

Procedure

The students were selected with age ranging from 18 to 25 years from colleges of Wardha city. They were made aware about the importance and application of this research study and rapport was established. First of all, instructions about the test were given carefully prior to start the test administration. It was confirmed that they have understood the instructions of test properly. Psychological Capital Scale was administered on students. After data collection and scoring, raw scores were put to the statistical treatment.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

 Mean and standard deviation of the raw scores and‘t’ value was calculated. The statistical analysis of all the scores is given in Tables 1-5

In examination of correlation between Self-efficacy and Hope, Self-efficacy and Optimism, Self-efficacy and Resilience, Hope and Optimism, Hope and Resilience, Optimism and Resilience are mentioned in Table 5.

DISCUSSION

This research is conducted to study youths of Indian culture. In Indian family’s different types of treatment is given to the boys and girls. Boys have given more importance and independence with comparing to girls. On the other hand, girls are treated in compact environment with lot of bindings and discipline. Hence question arises how four different corner stones of PsyCap affects among boys and girls. To make human life more successful Self-efficacy, optimism, hope and resiliency are necessary to attain success. Keeping this view in mind, the hypothesis one was framed as ‘Self-efficacy of girls will be higher than boys. In its verification mean of girls is 38.68 is greater than the boys mean is 36.68 it indicates that girls have more self-efficacy than boy’s ‘t’ value is 1.94 which is not significant at any level of significance.

In verification of hypothesis two, ‘Boys would show greater hope than Girls’, in results it reveals that mean of the boys 37.44 is greater than mean of the girls 36.28 and ‘t’ value 1.04 is not significant at any level.

Hypothesis three was formulated that ‘Girls will be more optimistic than boys’ found not significant. In statistical analysis mean of girls is 38.84 is greater than mean of boys 36.84 it shows that girls are more optimistic than boys. But ‘t’ value 1.50 is not significant. It indicates that there is no significant difference in boys and girls.

To verify hypothesis four ‘There will be no significant difference of resilience between boys’ and girls. In its verification mean of girls is 35.80 for resilience is more than mean of boys that is 35.24. The difference between two means is very less and ‘t’ value is .47 is not significant at any level. It indicates that boys and girls do not differ in resilience.

Hypothesis five to seven were formulated to study relationship between components and after statistical analysis observed correlations are mention in Table 5. As per hypothesis five correlation between Self-efficacy and Hope is 0.47, hypothesis six relationships between Self-efficacy and Resilience found 0.44, and hypothesis seven to study relationship between Self-efficacy and Optimism it is found correlation 0.45 and all are significant at 0.01 levels. Along with this relationship between Hope and Resilience, Hope and Optimism and Resilience and Optimism were studied and in results found significant relationship.

From these results we can conclude that there is no significant difference among boys and girls in psychological capital and all dimension of psychological capital are inter correlated and showing positive significant relationship.

CONCLUSION

1. Hypothesis one, ‘Self-efficacy of girls will be higher than boys’ found not significant.

2. Hypothesis two, ‘Boys would show greater hope than Girls’ found not significant.

3. Hypothesis three, ‘Girls will be more optimistic than boys’ found not significant.

4. Hypothesis four, ‘There will be no significant difference of resilience between boys’ and girls’

 found not significant.

5. Hypothesis five, ‘There will be positive correlation between Self-efficacy and Hope’ revealed

 significant relationship.

6. Hypothesis six, ‘Positive correlation may occur between Self-efficacy and Resilience’ found

 significant.

7. Hypothesis seven, ‘Self-efficacy and Optimism may show positive correlation’ found significant.

8. Significant positive relationship found between Hope and Resilience, Hope and Optimism and Resilience and Optimism.

.