International Journal of Diabetes (ISSN: 2644-3031)
Research Article
The Preventive Effect of Artemisia Campestris Infusion Against Hepatotoxicity
Tababi Sihem, Bouzenna Hafsia, Eddib Intissar, Rahmouni Fatma and Hmed Ben Nasr*
Corresponding Author: Hmed Ben Nasr, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medicine Faculty of Sfax, MagidaBoulila Street, 3029; Sfax, Tunisia.
Received: January 18, 2021; Revised: February 5, 2021; Accepted: February 8, 2021 Available Online: May 30, 2021
Citation: Sihem T, Hafsia B, Intissar E, Fatma R & Nasr HB. (2022) The Preventive Effect of Artemisia Campestris Infusion Against Hepatotoxicity. Int J Diabetes, 4(2): 112-120.
Copyrights: ©2022 Sihem T, Hafsia B, Intissar E, Fatma R & Nasr HB. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Background: Hepatic diseases and intoxications are of great incidence and threat human lives. Some hepatic pathologies are till now untreatable but could be prevented.

Objective: This paper aims to evaluate the protective effect of Artemisia campestris as diet- supplementation against hepatic disorder.

Experimental Design: Hepatic toxicity was induced by CCl4 i.p. injection (0.5 ml/ rat) in three groups: G2 (non-treated), and G3 and G4(treated by oral intake of the plant infusion at doses of 10 g/L and 50 g/ L, respectively). A fourth group (G1) was kept untreated and served as sham negative group. The chemical properties and anti-oxidative potential of the infusion were determined in vitro. Selected hematological and biochemical parameters and the histological features were analyzed. The hepatic-MDA concentration was also determined.

Results: Chemical analyses showed the richness of the plant in flavonoids, polyphenols and tannins. The daily oral intake re-established CCl4-induced tissular damages and hepatic enzymes status. The infusion showed significant scavenging potential of DPPH and induced significant decrease of MDA levels in comparison to G2 group.

Conclusion: Our findings approve the preventive effect of A campestris against NAFLD and might be used as dietary supplement to treat the disease. Its mechanism of action involves anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative pathways.

Keywords: Artemisia campestris, Infusion, Diet supplement, Liver intoxication
INTRODUCTION

The liver constitutes a cross-road functional organ that maintains the organism homeostasis; and ensures its metabolism processes and detoxification from xenobiotics and their toxic derivatives [1]. On beneath of its multidimensional functionality hepatic tissues are always impinged by several pathological events. Mostly, it is affected by viral infection, such as hepatitis viruses, and intoxication by chemicals, drugs and food derivatives. The chrono-biological processes of hepatic pathologies go from acute injury and fulminant hepatic failure to much more chronic diseases including viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, steatosis, fibrosis, and cancer. They rely on several risk factors, such nutritional quality, alcohol intake, age and obesity [2-4]. While there are great advances in managing liver diseases and intoxication, their fatality burden is still higher [5]. During the last decades, ethnomedicine is sought with great concern for its beneficial therapeutic effects against several diseases, low toxicity and cost. In such context, several natural phototherapeutic products exhibit important protective effects against liver disorders [6,7]. Huge plethora of studies bring proof for the health protecting potential of Artemisia herbs (Asteraceae family). They are dotted with several biological activities (anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, anti- viral, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidative activities, etc.) [8]. In particular, these plants owed great interest since the discovery of anti-malaria Artemisinin component [9], that also exhibits anti-hepatitis viral effects [10-12].  This prompted us to investigate the anti-hepatotoxic effect of A. campestris, in a murin experimental model of carbone tetrachloride (CCl4)- induced hepatoxicity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
  1. Artemisia campestris’ infusion
Artemisia campestris (Asteracae family) aerial parts have been collected from the South-East mountains (Matmata) of Tunisia, during the flowering-fructification period. They were left to dry at ambient temperature in dark and dry condition.  The used infusions were freshly prepared each day of the experiment. they consisted of decoctions of 10 g or 50 g of the powdered aerial part of the plant that were boiled in 1 Lof water, for 5 minutes. The infusion was filtrated before its oral administration to rats. The obtained solution was of clear yellowish color. This method might prevent the loss of artemisinin derivatives that melts at about 150°C [13].
  1. Chemical characterization of Artemisia campestris’ infusion
  • FTIR spectroscopy
The chemical composition of the plant extract was evaluated using the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy (Shimadzu, FTIR-8400S, CE). To do so, a sample of the infusion (1mg of the plant dissolved into 1 ml of distilled water) was mixed with 0.2 g of Potassium Bromure and compressed to obtain a lozenge. The FTIR spectrum of this later was evaluated at wave lengths ranging from 500 to 4000 cm-1.
  • Quantification of total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins
The amounts of total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins were spectrophotometrically determined according to the methods described respectively by Dallali [14], Zhishen [15] and Broadhurst and Jones [16]. The principle of polyphenols quantification method is based on the reaction of the sample with Folin-Ciocalteu that reacts with polyphenols in alkaline solution to give a blue color. The intensity of the color was determined at 725 nm. Gallic acid was used as standard and results were expressed as µg of gallic acid equivalent (EAG) per mg. Flavonoids react with aluminium trichloride (AlCl3) to result in a yellow color that was read at 510 µm. The quercetin was used as standard and results were expressed in µg quercetin equivalent per mg of extract. For condensed tannins quantification, samples of the extract were mixed with vanillin in acidified milieu. The intensity of the formed reddish color was then measured at 500 nm. The concentration of tannins was expressed in µg of tannic acid equivalent per mg of extract (µg ETA/mg).
  1. Animal housing and experimental design
Twenty male rats (white Wistar) weighing 220 ± 42 g were used in this study. Rats were caged, per five, in standard conditions (Temperature of 23 ± 3°C, air- humidity of 40 to 50 %, and light/ dark cycle of 12 hours). They received standard food pellets and tap water, free ad libitum, for one week, before the beginning of the experiment. Thereafter they were repatriated into four different groups of five rats each. The first group did not receive any treatment and served as normal control (G1). It was intraperitoneally injected with 0.5 ml of vehicle (olive oil). Hepatotoxicity was induced in the three other groups (G2, G3 and G4) of animal by a single intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 ml of CCl4 (dissolved into olive oil at 37%), per rat. G1 and G2 continued to receive tap water for drinking. In G3 and G4 the drinking water was replaced by the plant infusion, respectively at a dose of 1g/100 ml and 5g/100 ml. At the 15th day, rats were euthanized by overdose exposure to diethyl ether, and blood samples and organs were harvested. The blood was collected into ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (for hematology) or heparin (for biochemistry) containing tubes. Heparinized blood was centrifuged for 15 minutes at 3000 rpm and plasma was aspirated and conserved at -20°C until the biochemical analysis. Our research was conducted following the guide for care and use of laboratory animals (2010) [17] and was approved by a local committee at our institution.
  1. Determination of the antioxidant activity of Ac-infusion
  • DPPH test
The measurement of the anti- DPPH (1,1- diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) scavenging potential of the extract was carried out according to the method described by Tailor and Goyal [18]. Briefly, solutions of dissolved extracting distilled water were prepared, in order to obtain different concentrations (ranging from 50 µg/ml to 500 µg/ml). 1 ml of DPPH was mixed with 3 ml from each solution, vigorously shacked and incubated for 30 min at room temperature. The absorbance of the resultant solution was then determined at 517 nm. The ascorbic acid was used as standard reference. The assay was made in triplicate and the IC50 of was calculated using log-dose inhibition curve.
  • FRAP test
The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was determined following the method described by Quisumbing [19], using BHT as standard. The reducing potential of the extract was expressed as percentage of which of the standard. Briefly, each sample was mixed with BPS (0.1 M, pH 6.6) and potassium ferricyanide K3[Fe(CN)6] (1% w/v) ; after vertexing and incubation at 50°C for 20 minutes, the solution was acidified using trichloroacetic acid (10%). The solution was centrifuged for 10 mn at 3000 rpm, and the supernatant was aspirated and mixed with Iron chloride (FeCl3, at 0.1%) and distillated water. The absorbance of the later solution was determined after 30 mn of incubation at 28°C, at 700 nm. Each assay was made in triplicate.
  • Liver’s MDA determination
The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was evaluated in homogenates of hepatic tissues following the method of Buege and Aust [20]. Briefly, homogenated fragments of liver in buffer saline solution (1g/1ml, w/v) were centrifuged at 9000 rpm for 15 minutes. the supernatant cytosolic fraction was then aspirated and used for MDA quantification. 200µl of each sample of the cytosolic fraction were mixed with 2 ml of thiobarbituric acid and heated (90°C) for 10 minutes. The resultant solution’s color intensity was measured at 530 nm. MDA was expressed as mmol/ml.
  1. Hematological and Biochemical analysis
Hematological and biochemical analyses were carried out using automated apparatus according to the manufacturer’s instructions (EasyRa ® Medica corporation Bedford, USA). White blood (WBC) red blood (RBC) and platelets (PLT) cell counts, lymphocytes percent (Lymph %), hemattocit (HCT) and hemoglobin concentration (HGB) were determined in whole blood collected into ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid containing tubes. Alanine transaminase (ALAT), Aspartate transaminase (ASAT), total bilirubin and blood nitrogen- urea were also quantified, in plasma.
  1. Histological study
Fragments of liver were fixed in 4 % formalin for 48 hours. Thereafter they were embedded into paraffine. Sections of 4 to 5µm thickness were subjected to routine hematoxylin- eosin staining. Slides were microscopically examined either at 100 x or 400 x magnification.
  1. Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS program for Windows.20 (IBM corporation). Comparison between different groups was performed by ANOVA- test followed by LSD one, with significance considered at 5%.

RESULTS
  • Chemical characterization
  • FTIR- spectroscopy:
The FTIR spectrum shows the presence of various chemical compounds at length positions ranging from 1065 cm-1 to 3478 cm-1 (Figure 1). It strongly suggests the presence of primary and intramolecular alcohols, aromatic esters, sulfoxides, fluorides, alkyls and isothiocyanate (Table 1).
  • Total polyphenols tannins and flavonoids
Spectrophotometric analyses revealed that A campestris aqueous extract contains important amounts of polyphenols (428.52± 92.37 µg EAG.mg-1), flavonoids (37.62±50,04 µg EQ.mg-1) and tannins (10.95±28.94 µg ETA.mg-1).


 
  1. Antioxidative stress activity
  • In vitro assays:
The DPPH scavenging test revealed that A campestris ’infusion inhibits the DPPH radical with an IC50 % of 35.62 ± 4.75 µg/ml. The free radical scavenging potential was about three folds greater than which of the ascorbic acid (101.23± 6.35 µg/ml). In contrary, its reducing potential, as tested by the FRAP assay, was very weak (IC50 over 500 µg/ml) in comparison to BHT (47.33 ± 11.45 %).
The in vivo study, showed that the daily oral intake of the plant infusion, for two weeks, induced significant decrease in MDA hepatic levels, both in G3 (16.66 ± 0.43 mmol/mL) and G4 (14.09 ± 0.35 mmol/mL), in comparison to CCl4-treated rats (28.18 ± 0.20 mmol/mL). However, it was unchanged when compared to normal control (G1: 16.50 ± 0.50 mmol/mL) (Figure 2).

  • Hematological and biochemical effects
The hematological analyses showed that CCl4 single injection to rats induces significant increase in white blood cells count (7.76±2,58 103/µL), in comparison to sham group (6,98 ±1,99 103/µL). This augmented number of WBC was fully reestablished by the oral intake of the infusion (5,62±2,51 103/µL and 5,22±1,62 103/µL, respectively for G3 and G4). Furthermore, there was relevant decrease (p < 0.050) in hemoglobin concentration, platelets count and hematocrit following the intra-peritoneal injection of CCl4. Almost of these perturbations returned to the normal range when rats received the infusion by oral administrating at the two chosen doses (Table 2).
Similarly, the oral intake of the herbal infusion induced significant diminishing of the hepatic enzymes’ levels in comparison to CCl4- treated rats. In fact, ALAT and ASAT levels were of 63.24 ± 12.03 UI and 202.60 ± 15.07 UI in G3, respectively; and 59.04 ±09.37 UI and 155.08 ± 15.74 UI, respectively in G4. These values were comparable to which of the normal control, but they were Higher in G2 (78.22 ± 14.75 UI and 361.10 ± 24.86 UI, respectively). Blood nitrogen urea and total bilirubin concentrations were also elevated in CCl4 -intoxicated rats than in the other groups (Figure 3).


  • Histological study
Figure 4A (x 100 magnification) shows cirrhosis with hepatocytes desegregates (cirr) in rats receiving only CCl4 by intraperitoneal injection (G2). The oral intake of the herb’s infusion significantly ameliorates the CCl4 induced damages, both at 10/L (G3) and 50 g/L (G4). These later presents nearly a normal hepatic feature as the control group (G1). At higher magnification (x400), the sinusoidal zone (Figure 4B) presents prominent ballooning of hepatocytes that originates from fat deposition in G2. This ballooning was diminished in G3 and approximately absent in G4. Furthermore, there was hepatocellular aplasia which associates to huge inflammatory cells infiltration and fibrosis around the blood vessels in CCl4- treated rat (G2), as shown in Figure 4C. A re-establishment of the conditions when rats are treated with A. campestris infusion.

DISCUSSION

Non- alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) are among the most represented pathologies that affect about the quartile of adulthood, and associate to higher mortality [5,21]. NAFLD range from steatosis to much severe cirrhosis cases. They develop by excessive accumulation of fats in hepatic tissue that lately progress to fibrosis through inflammatory process resulting in scarring features. Subsequently a fibrosis stage could develop, and might be ranked into four different grades of severity. Untreated fibrosis leads to marked liver’s nodulation and appearance of the chronic state of cirrhosis. The etiology of NALFD is diverse and includes hepatitis viruses, ischemia, pregnancy, drug intake and intoxication [22]. Obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome are associated to NALFD [21]. Non pharmacogical and complementary and alternative medicine are sought as determinant in preventing the disease development and progression. Herein, we investigated the possibility to use A campestris infusion as a nutritional supplement to counteract liver’s pathology induced by CCl4, in a murine experimental model. Our findings revealed that daily intake of A. campestris infusion at lower doses prevents the development and progression of the CCl4-induced cirrhosis. In fact, there was re-establishment of the normal histological features of the hepatic tissues which associated to hepatic enzymes return to the normal range. The lipid-peroxidation level was also diminished following the treatment of CCl4- intoxicated rats by the herb infusion.  Similar investigations brought approval of such preventive effects of Artemisia herbs. They were shown to improve free fatty acids induced steatosis, and exert anti-lipidemic and antifibrotic activities [23-32]. Previous studies revealed that the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of Artemisia extracts involved the suppression of the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and leptin release, thus inhibits the cytoplasmic accumulation of fats [33]. Great consensus is attributed to the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory [34-38] effects of the plant molecules in the preventive/ healing mechanism. The chemistry of the plant extract showed the presence of diverse biologically active molecules, such as flavonoids, polyphenols and tannins. These molecules are known to chelate the reactive oxygen species or inhibit their formation through modulation of anti-oxidative stress enzymes. They also modulate the inflammatory process [39-41]. In fact, flavonoids extracted from Artemisia herbs did inhibit IL-12, and nitric oxide, interleukin- 1β and 6 and prostaglandin E2 production by immune cells [42,43]. Artemisia extracts have been also shown to ameliorate the cholestatic liver fibrosis and faces the free fatty acids induced apoptosis in hepatic cells (HepG2) [23,26]. The anti-apoptotic activity of the extract is suggested to be mediated through the inhibition of caspases 3 and 8 in intoxicated hepatocytes [44] thus favorizes the regeneration and repair of damaged tissue. Recent studies focused on nicotinamide N methyltransferase control to manage obesity and hyperlipidemia [45,46]. In such context, extracts from artemisia were found to reduce the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate induced lipid peroxidation in liver tissues [47].
The daily intake of A campestris infusion, at low doses, might prevent NAFLD development and progression to severe cases. The herb’s molecules might prevent the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and pro-inflammatory factors (Pro-inf) release in hepatocytes and protect them from damages. Theses extracts could also regulate the fatty acids turn-over in biliary and inhibit their apoptotic effects in hepatocytes (Figure 5). Obviously, Artemisia plants have been used since the ‘antiquité’ to treat several diseases and might be considered as safe, except for people showing hypersensitivity against the plant, and could be envisaged as candidate therapeutic to relieve NAFLD in humans.

CONCLUSION

Our findings strongly suggest the preventive daily intake of Artemisia campestris infusion, at low doses, to prevent NAFLD development and pathogenesis progression. Thus, it could be used as nutritional supplement in order to manage and prevent hepatic diseases. Further investigations are in need to better outline the mechanistic scheme of the observed effects and to translate it for clinical usage.

CONFLICTS OF INTERESTS

None.


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