Green energy is widely spread in all over the green (natural) world which helps in climate change mitigation, energy preservation and economic benefits [9].

HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT

The chronological evidences show that the coal is the first source of green energy than the energy of biomass was introduced in 19th century and then next was wind energy. When moving into the historical records of the green energy and it found that main (traditional) resources of green power were power of animal, human, water, fire, wind [10] and biomass. Fossil fuel was introduced in 1860’s and 70’s which was very beneficial then photovoltanic effect in solid state was found in 1885 [11]. In 1905 Max Weber focused on the fossil fuel energy in his paragraph “Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus” (bis der letzte Zentner fossilen Brennstoffs verglüht ist). At the end of the World War 1 solar engines were introduced. The significance of solar power was noticed in the article “Scientific American” in 1911 [12]. In 1960’s green revolution was noticed in extension of agriculture. In 1970’s green energy was highly promoted especially solar power but in 1980 the cost of solar panels were so high [13]. IEA 2014 focused on world energy outlook on green power supplies will be 1,700 GW to 4,550 GW from 2014 to 2040 [14].

RESOURCES OF GREEN ENERGY

There are various resources of green energy some of them are described here in brief. These resources are natural and environment friendly so it is safe for human being as well as to our planet.

Biofuels

A fuel derived from living sources (matter), biological processes and anaerobic digestion. It is directly produced through plants and domestic wastes. In this process contemporary CO₂ fixation is occurred by the photosynthesis process of plant and microalgae. The main advantage of biofuel is availability. This is very helpful in controlling air pollution. Biofuels produce Biodiesel that is a type of diesel fuel produced by recycled eatery lubricants animal fats or vegetable oils. It is bio decomposable. The pure form of Biodiesel is B₁₀₀ and other common forms are B₂, B₅ and B₂₀ (in which 2%, 5% and 20% biodiesel) are found.

Biomass and bioenergy

Living organisms’ biological material is biomass. In 2016, USA gathered the 5% energy from biomass in which biofuels from 48% and 41% from wood based biomass [15]. Biomass Energy Center [16] reported that at present wood biomass is the largest source of green energy. Bioenergy is also a green or renewable energy derived from living sources. It generated from the area of forests or agriculture, organic wastes and municipal wastes [17]. Tester [18] said that the availability is the main advantage of biomass production means living organisms are found everywhere. There are many types of energy produced from biomass for example chemical feedstock, cooking heat, electricity, etc. [19-21].

Hydropower

The energy released from water is called hydropower. In this, through watermills kinetic energy of water, changes into mechanical energy or hydroelectricity. In 2016, 1064 GW or 16.4% of global electricity is generated from hydropower.

Geothermal energy

Heat that is stored inside the earth is help in producing geothermal energy. At present 10,000 MW over the world geothermal energy is produced. Geographical survey reported that in India have observed existence of about 340 warm springs inside the hot nations.

Solar energy

The energy produces by sun light is called solar energy. China is a leading solar power generator in world with 100 GW installed capacity. In India the highest energy producer is western Rajasthan region and lowest is the north-eastern region. India indicated a good level of getting the solar power [3]. The installed capacity of India is 23 GW of 30 June, 2018 and may be extended up to eight times in future.

Wind energy

The power which generate through the high speed of wind is called wind power. Large numbers of wind turbines are installed at field and their mechanical energy converted into electrical energy. In 2016, 500,000 MW wind energy produced over the world.

GREEN ENERGY IN INDIA

Indian Government has also taken many initiatives to increase the growth and development in green energy sector. The database from Ministry of Renewal Energy in Indian is shown in Figure 3.

CURRENT ENERGY POLICIES IN INDIA

The Electricity Act 2003, National Electricity Policy 2005, National Rural Electrification Policies 2006, Tariff Policy 2006, Integrated Energy Policy Report (Planning Commission) 2006. These policies suggest that the green energy path in all over the country up to 2031-2032. These policies focus and special emphasis on the development of the green energy.

RECENT INITIATIVES IN INDIA

Akshay Urja Shops or renewable (green) energy shops, District Advisory Committees (DACs), Energy parks, Rajiv Gandhi, Akshay Urja Newsletter (Renewable Energy Newsletter), Akshay Urja Diwas (Rajiv Gandhi Renewable Energy Day) Green (Renewable) Energy Clubs etc. take initiatives for development and preserve our green energy.

CONCLUSION

From this chapter, we can conclude the following:

·         Green energy is the recent energy alternative which can be for long which is safe and environmental friendly.

·         In India as well as in world, advancement in green energy resources is on priority.

·         The level of the production of green energy is continuously increasing.

·         Indian Government takes many initiatives and make polices for the green energy production and development.

·         At last, we can say that for environment sustainability, green energy is a key of success which should be utilized in properly.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors are thankful to all researchers and for their valuable reports also which we have cited in this chapter. We are also grateful Dr. Asha Singh, Government PG College, Fatehabad, Agra to give an invitation for chapter contribution in her valuable book on Environment and Climate Change.