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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an
opportunistic bacterium which is one of the most important bacterial
infections. As the incidence of MDR and XDR strains were reported and
antibiotic resistant is a global issue we research about the new drug.
Materials
and methods: Data about Iranian herbal medicine were obtained by
searching databases. In this research, we study about 88 papers from different
databases.
Results: The
result of our study indicated that ZOUSH ointment which includes herbal
medicine such as Satureja khuzestaniea,
Zataria multiflora, Mentha mozaffariani Jamzad can use for
controlling burn wound infections.
Conclusion: ZOUSH
ointment will be used as a common ointment for healing burn wound infections.
Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Antibiotic,
Carvacrol
INTRODUCTION
For the
first time, antibiotic use in the 1940s has created tremendous advances in the pharmaceutical
industry. Bacteria are single cell living organisms which exist everywhere [1].
There are three groups of bacteria in the universe, Pathogen, non-pathogen and
environmental bacteria. For those bacteria which are pathogens, we need
antibiotics lead to inhibits their growth and their infections. Although
antibiotic usage is very common nowadays, if antibiotics use more than specific
dose, an overdose of them leads to antibiotic resistance step by step [2], so
previous antibiotic’s dose couldn’t be effective and more dosage is needed,
after that, we confront antibiotic resistance. Recently antibiotic resistance
is a global issue [3].
RESULTS
Plants have always been one of the main sources of drugs that are used
traditionally or in the form of pure chemical products. According to the World
Health Organization, about 80% of the world's population uses herbal medicines
as part of their treatment. Iran with 11 different climates and more than 7500
plant species is a very good base for obtaining valuable medicinal and rare
species. Currently, 25% of the existing drugs have herbal sources and 12% of
the drugs are made from microbial sources [5]. Studies included in this review
were from all over the world. All of 14 selected studies focused on Satureja khuzestanica, Zataria multiflora, Mentha mozaffariani Jamzad [6] (Figure
1).
DISCUSSION
Burn is one of the most serious medical conditions, which affects whole
physical and mental aspects and is capable of infecting people of all ages.
Prevention of bacterial infection spread in hospital settings is
difficult due to the intrinsic and acquired resistance of this bacterium to
many antibiotics. Given the fact that the main way of controlling infection is
the use of antibiotics, the emergence of MDR and XDR strains is a current
worldwide problem. The prevalence of these strains is on the rise due to the
antibiotic selective pressure and elevated dosage.
Despite many scientific advances in the treatment of burns, it remains
one of the major public health problems around the world, especially in
developing countries.
Achieving an effective and efficient method is
needed for the immediate treatment of these bacteria due to therapeutic
dilemmas, drug resistance and high mortality due to bacteria. Traditional medicine plays an important role in the treatment and
prevention of these bacteria.
Our study showed that the Carvacrol is a major component of the S. khuzestaniea extract, which inhibits
the ATPase activity and increases the bacterial cell membrane permeability, and
hence enhances the membrane permeability for antibacterial agents [1-6]. As
Salarbashi et al. showed in their research that Z. multiflora extracts had significant antibacterial effects on
regular and IMP-producing Pseudomonas
aeruginosa strains [7].
In the other hand, Carvacrol has an anti-fungal (such as C. albicans) property [8] in addition to
its antibacterial (such as Pseudomonas
aeruginosa properties) [9]. Also, this component can be antimicrobial
effectiveness against gram positive and gram negative bacteria [10]. The
results of Arman et al.’s [11] research in 2013 indicated the Mentha mozaffariani oil exhibited high
antimicrobial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria,
according to the disk diffusion method and MIC values [11].
Our review study indicate that Satureja
khuzistanica can reduce the expression level of various genes such as exoS, lasA, lasB, mexA and mexR genes in Pseudomonas
aeruginosa [12-14].
CONCLUSION
Our review study indicated that herbal medicine such as Satureja khuzestaniea, Zataria multiflora, Mentha mozaffariani Jamzad can control infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a different
way such as reducing the level of different gene expression. Thus we can use
this herbal medicine to produce an ointment which can heal burn wound
infection. So we decided to formulation herbal ointment, ZOUSH, to control and
healing burn infection with Pseudomonas
aeruginosa.
1. Fleming
A (1945) Penicillin. Nobel lecture D. In: Nobel e-museum. Available: (Accessed
2004, July 28).
2. World
Health Organization (2000) Overcoming antimicrobial resistance. Report on
infectious diseases. Available: (Accessed 2002, July 28).
3. Reyes
LF, Babu BL, Aliberti S, Sibila O, Anzueto A, et al. (2017) Global burden and
risk factors of drug-resistant Pseudomonas
aeruginosa in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: An multinational
point prevalence study. Am Thorac Soc, p: A6858-A.
4. Denyer
SP, Hodges NA, Gorman SP (2008) Hugo and Russell's pharmaceutical microbiology.
John Wiley & Sons.
5. Timurkaynak
F, Can F, Azap OK, Demirbilek M, Arslan H, et al. (2006) In vitro activities of non-traditional antimicrobials alone or in
combination against multidrug-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter
baumannii isolated from intensive care units. Int J Antimicrob Agents 27:
224-228.
6. Meskini
M, Ghorbanalizadegan M, Esmaeili D (2015) Importance of herbal ointment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in burn
patients. Int J Med Invest 4: 275-261.
7. Heidary
M, Hashemi A, Goudarzi H, Khoshnood S, Roshani M, et al. (2016) The
antibacterial activity of Iranian plants extracts against metallo
beta-lactamase producing Pseudomonas
aeruginosa strains. J Paramed Sci 7: 13-9.
8. Mahboubi
M, Kazempour N (2016) The anti-candidal activity of Satureja khuzistanica ethanol extract against clinical isolates of C. albicans. J Mycol Med 26: e6-e10.
9. Dashipour
A, Razavilar V, Hosseini H, Shojaee-Aliabadi S, German JB, et al. (2015)
Antioxidant and antimicrobial carboxymethyl cellulose films containing Zataria multiflora essential oil. Int J
Biol Macromol 72: 606-613.
10. Salarbashi
D, Tajik S, Shojaee-Aliabadi S, Ghasemlou M, Moayyed H, et al. (2014)
Development of new active packaging film made from a soluble soybean
polysaccharide incorporated Zataria
multiflora Boiss and Mentha pulegium
essential oils. Food Chem 146: 614-622.
11. Arman
M, Yousefzadi M, Khademi SZ (2011) Antimicrobial activity and composition of
the essential oil from Mentha
mozaffarianii. J Essential Oil Bearing Plants 14: 131-135.
12. Bekhechi
C, Bekkara FA, Abdelouahid DE, Liu K, Casanova J, et al. (2007) Composition and
antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Ziziphora hispanica (L.) from Algeria. J Essential Oil Bearing
Plants 10: 318-323.
13. Jalalvandi
N, Bahador A, Zahedi B, Saghi H, Esmaeili D (2015) The study of inhibitory
effects of Satureja khuzestanica
essence against mexa and mexr efflux genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by RT-PCR. Int J Biotechnol 4: 1-8.
14. Meskini
M, Esmaeili D (2018) The study of formulated ZOUSH ointment against wound
infection and gene expression of virulence factors Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BMC Complement Altern Med 18: 185.
